दण्ड
Sanskrit edit
Alternative scripts edit
Alternative scripts
- দণ্ড (Assamese script)
- ᬤᬡ᭄ᬟ (Balinese script)
- দণ্ড (Bengali script)
- 𑰟𑰜𑰿𑰚 (Bhaiksuki script)
- 𑀤𑀡𑁆𑀟 (Brahmi script)
- ဒဏ္ဍ (Burmese script)
- દણ્ડ (Gujarati script)
- ਦਣੑਡ (Gurmukhi script)
- 𑌦𑌣𑍍𑌡 (Grantha script)
- ꦢꦟ꧀ꦝ (Javanese script)
- 𑂠𑂝𑂹𑂙 (Kaithi script)
- ದಣ್ಡ (Kannada script)
- ទណ្ឌ (Khmer script)
- ທຓ຺ຑ (Lao script)
- ദണ്ഡ (Malayalam script)
- ᡩᠠᢏᡷᠠ (Manchu script)
- 𑘟𑘜𑘿𑘚 (Modi script)
- ᢑᠠᢏᢎᠠ᠋ (Mongolian script)
- 𑦿𑦼𑧠𑦺 (Nandinagari script)
- 𑐡𑐞𑑂𑐜 (Newa script)
- ଦଣ୍ଡ (Odia script)
- ꢣꢠ꣄ꢞ (Saurashtra script)
- 𑆢𑆟𑇀𑆝 (Sharada script)
- 𑖟𑖜𑖿𑖚 (Siddham script)
- දණ්ඩ (Sinhalese script)
- 𑩭𑩪 𑪙𑩨 (Soyombo script)
- 𑚛𑚘𑚶𑚖 (Takri script)
- த³ண்ட³ (Tamil script)
- దణ్డ (Telugu script)
- ทณฺฑ (Thai script)
- ད་ཎྜ (Tibetan script)
- 𑒠𑒝𑓂𑒛 (Tirhuta script)
- 𑨛𑨘𑩇𑨖 (Zanabazar Square script)
Etymology edit
Borrowed from substrate language. Kuiper argues for a loanword from Para-Munda; compare Mundari ଦାଣ୍ଡି (dāṇḍi, “small stick”), Santali ᱫᱚᱬᱴᱚ (dôṇṭô, “thick stick, club”), ᱫᱚᱬᱴᱤᱴᱤᱛ (dôṇṭiṭit, “stem of mushrooms”), ᱫᱚᱬᱰᱤ (dôṇḍi, “stick, staff, stalk”). Likewise, Southworth suggests a Dravidian substratum, compare Malayalam തണ്ട് (taṇṭŭ, “stick, club”).
Alternatively, but less likely, a derivative of Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree”), whence दारु (dā́ru), and thus cognate with Ancient Greek δένδρον (déndron, “tree”), but both this and that Greek word are phonologically difficult to explain.
Pronunciation edit
Noun edit
दण्ड • (daṇḍá) stem, m
- stick, staff, rod, pole, cudgel, club
- staff given at investiture with the sacred thread
- penis (with वैतस (vaitasá)
- trunk » शुण्डादण्ड (śuṇḍā-daṇḍa)
- "arm" or "leg" » दोर्दण्ड (dor-daṇḍa), बाहुदण्ड (bāhu-daṇḍa)
- "tusk" » दंष्ट्रादण्ड (daṃṣṭrā-daṇḍa)
- penis
- a stalk, stem (of a tree; compare इक्षुदण्ड (ikṣu-daṇḍa), उद्दण्ड (ud-daṇḍa), खरदण्ड (khara-daṇḍa))
- the staff of a banner
- the handle (of a ladle, sauce-pan, fly-flap, parasol etc.)
- the steam of a plough
- "a mast" » महादण्डधर (mahādaṇḍa-dhara)
- the crossbar of a lute which holds the strings
- the stick with which a lute is played
- a churning-stick (compare दण्डाहत (daṇḍā*hata))
- a pole as a measure of length (= 4 hastas)
- name of a measure of time (= 60 विकला (vi-kalā)s)
- name of a staff-like appearance in the sky ("Name of a planet" L.; compare दण्डभास (daṇḍa-bhāsa))
- name of a constellation
- a form of military array (compare दण्डव्युह (daṇḍa-vyuha))
- line
- staff or sceptre as a symbol of power and sovereignty, application of power, violence
- power over (genitive or in compound), control, restraint (compare वाग्दण्ड (vāg-daṇḍa), मनोदण्ड (mano-daṇḍa), कायदण्ड (kāya-daṇḍa) [कर्मदण्ड (karma-daṇḍa)]; त्रिदण्डिन् (tri-daṇḍin))
- the rod as a symbol of judicial authority and punishment, punishment (corporal, verbal, and fiscal; chastisement and imprisonment, reprimand, fine)
- pride
- horse
- Punishment (son of Dharma and Kriyā)
- Yama
- Shiva
- name of an attendant of the Sun
- (g. शिवादि (śivā*di) and शौनकादि (śaunakā*di)) name of a man with the patronymic औपर (aupara)
- name of a prince slain by Arjuna (brother of दण्डधर (daṇḍa-dhara), identified with the asura क्रोधहन्तृ (krodha-hantṛ))
- name of a rakṣas
Declension edit
| Masculine a-stem declension of दण्ड (daṇḍá) | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | Dual | Plural | |
| Nominative | दण्डः daṇḍáḥ |
दण्डौ / दण्डा¹ daṇḍaú / daṇḍā́¹ |
दण्डाः / दण्डासः¹ daṇḍā́ḥ / daṇḍā́saḥ¹ |
| Vocative | दण्ड dáṇḍa |
दण्डौ / दण्डा¹ dáṇḍau / dáṇḍā¹ |
दण्डाः / दण्डासः¹ dáṇḍāḥ / dáṇḍāsaḥ¹ |
| Accusative | दण्डम् daṇḍám |
दण्डौ / दण्डा¹ daṇḍaú / daṇḍā́¹ |
दण्डान् daṇḍā́n |
| Instrumental | दण्डेन daṇḍéna |
दण्डाभ्याम् daṇḍā́bhyām |
दण्डैः / दण्डेभिः¹ daṇḍaíḥ / daṇḍébhiḥ¹ |
| Dative | दण्डाय daṇḍā́ya |
दण्डाभ्याम् daṇḍā́bhyām |
दण्डेभ्यः daṇḍébhyaḥ |
| Ablative | दण्डात् daṇḍā́t |
दण्डाभ्याम् daṇḍā́bhyām |
दण्डेभ्यः daṇḍébhyaḥ |
| Genitive | दण्डस्य daṇḍásya |
दण्डयोः daṇḍáyoḥ |
दण्डानाम् daṇḍā́nām |
| Locative | दण्डे daṇḍé |
दण्डयोः daṇḍáyoḥ |
दण्डेषु daṇḍéṣu |
| Notes |
| ||
Derived terms edit
- दण्डक (daṇḍaka)
- दण्डन (daṇḍana)
- दण्डिका (daṇḍikā)
- दण्डनीति (daṇḍanīti)
- दण्डयात्रा (daṇḍayātrā)
Descendants edit
Terms inherited from दण्ड (daṇḍa)
- Dardic:
- Pali: daṇḍa, daṇḍaka
- Prakrit: 𑀤𑀀𑀟 (dam̐ḍa), 𑀟𑀀𑀟𑀟𑀀𑀟𑀬 (ḍam̐ḍaḍam̐ḍaya)
- Central:
- Eastern:
- Northern:
- Southern:
- Western:
- Paisaci Prakrit:
- Takka Apabhramsa:
- Vracada Apabhramsa:
- Paisaci Prakrit:
Terms borrowed from दण्ड (daṇḍa)
- → Assamese: দণ্ড (dondo)
- → Bengali: দণ্ড (donḍo)
- → Burmese: ဒဏ် (dan)
- → Hindustani: daṇḍ
- → Indonesian: denda
- → Khmer: ទណ្ឌ (tŏən)
- → Lao: ທັນ (than)
- → Malayalam: ദണ്ഡം (daṇḍaṁ)
- → Malay: denda
- → Pali: daṇḍa
- → Romani: rran
- → Sindhi: ڏَنڊُ, ड॒ण्डु
- → Tamil: தண்டம் (taṇṭam)
- → Telugu: దండము (daṇḍamu)
- → Thai: ทัณฑ์ (than)
- → Urdu:
References edit
- Monier Williams (1899) “दण्ड”, in A Sanskrit–English Dictionary, […], new edition, Oxford: At the Clarendon Press, →OCLC, page 0466.
- Witzel, Michael (1999) “Substrate Languages in Old Indo-Aryan (Ṛgvedic, Middle and Late Vedic)”, in (Please provide the book title or journal name)[1], archived from the original on 6 February 2012, Electronic Journal of Vedic Studies, 5 (1).
- Turner, Ralph Lilley (1969–1985) “danda”, in A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages, London: Oxford University Press, page 350