ḏꜣf

Egyptian

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ˈcʼaːʀaf/ → /ˈt͡ʃʼaːʀaf/ → /ˈt͡ʃʼaːʔəf/ → /ˈt͡ʃʼoːʔəf/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈcʼaːʀaf/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ʃʼaːʀaf/
• (Amarna-period Late Egyptian, c. 1350 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ʃʼaːʔəf/
• (latest Late Egyptian, c. 800 BCE) IPA^(key): /ˈt͡ʃʼoːʔəf/

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /d͡ʒɑf/
  • Conventional anglicization: djaf

Verb

 3-lit.

1. (transitive) to burn

Inflection

Conjugation of ḏꜣf (triliteral / 3-lit. / 3rad.) — base stem: ḏꜣf, geminated stem: ḏꜣff

infinitival forms			imperative
infinitive	negatival complement	complementary infinitive1	singular	plural
ḏꜣf	ḏꜣfw, ḏꜣf	ḏꜣft	ḏꜣf	ḏꜣf

‘pseudoverbal’ forms
stative stem	periphrastic imperfective2		periphrastic prospective2
ḏꜣf	ḥr ḏꜣf	m ḏꜣf	r ḏꜣf

suffix conjugation
aspect / mood	active	passive	contingent
			aspect / mood	active	passive
perfect	ḏꜣf.n	ḏꜣfw, ḏꜣf	consecutive	ḏꜣf.jn	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
terminative	ḏꜣft
perfective3	ḏꜣf	active + .tj1, .tw2	obligative1	ḏꜣf.ḫr	active + .tj1, .tw2
imperfective	ḏꜣf	active + .tj1, .tw2
prospective3	ḏꜣf	ḏꜣff	potentialis1	ḏꜣf.kꜣ	active + .tj1, .tw2
		active + .tj1, .tw2
subjunctive	ḏꜣf	active + .tj1, .tw2

verbal adjectives
aspect / mood	relative (incl. nominal / emphatic) forms		participles
	active	passive	active	passive
perfect	ḏꜣf.n	active + .tj1, .tw2	—	—
perfective	ḏꜣf	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḏꜣf	ḏꜣf, ḏꜣfw5, ḏꜣfy5
imperfective	ḏꜣf, ḏꜣfy, ḏꜣfw5	active + .tj1, .tw2	ḏꜣf, ḏꜣfj6, ḏꜣfy6	ḏꜣf, ḏꜣfw5
prospective	ḏꜣf, ḏꜣftj7	—	ḏꜣftj4, ḏꜣft4
Used in Old Egyptian; archaic by Middle Egyptian. Used mostly since Middle Egyptian. Archaic or greatly restricted in usage by Middle Egyptian. The perfect has mostly taken over the functions of the perfective, and the subjunctive and periphrastic prospective have mostly replaced the prospective. Declines using third-person suffix pronouns instead of adjectival endings: masculine .f/.fj, feminine .s/.sj, dual .sn/.snj, plural .sn. Only in the masculine singular. Only in the masculine. Only in the feminine.

Descendants

• Demotic: ḏf
  • Bohairic Coptic: ϫⲱϥ (čōf)
  • Sahidic Coptic: ϫⲟⲩϥ (čouf)

References

• Erman, Adolf, Grapow, Hermann (1931) Wörterbuch der ägyptischen Sprache‎^[1], volume 5, Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, →ISBN, pages 522.8–522.13