Wiktionary

生

(Redirected from ⽣)
See also: 主 and 玍
生 U+751F, 生
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-751F
← 甞
[U+751E] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 甠 →
[U+7520]
⽣ U+2F63, ⽣
KANGXI RADICAL LIFE
← ⽢
[U+2F62] 		Kangxi Radicals ⽤ →
[U+2F64]

Translingual edit

Stroke order (Chinese)
 
Stroke order
(Chinese)
 
Stroke order
(Japan)
 

Han character edit

See images of
Radical 100 生

生 (Kangxi radical 100, 生+0, 5 strokes, cangjie input 竹手一 (HQM), four-corner 25100, composition ⿻𠂉土)

  1. Kangxi radical #100, ⽣.
  2. Shuowen Jiezi radical №215

Derived characters edit

See also edit

Further reading edit

Chinese Wikisource has digitized text of the Kangxi Dictionary entry for 生:
[[wikisource:zh:康熙字典/生部/生部#生|生部/生部]]

Wikisource


  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 754, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 21670
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1162, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2575, character 1
  • Unihan data for U+751F

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 生
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
Characters in the same phonetic series (生) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
猜 *sʰlɯː
輤 *sʰleːns
綪 *sʰleːns, *ʔsreːŋ
倩 *sʰleːns, *sʰleŋs
棈 *sʰleːns
蒨 *sʰeːns
篟 *sʰeːns
生 *sʰleːŋ, *sreŋs
牲 *sreŋ
笙 *sreŋ
甥 *sreŋ
鉎 *sreŋ, *sleːŋ
珄 *sreŋ
鼪 *sreŋ, *sreŋs
猩 *sreŋ, *seːŋ
狌 *sreŋ
眚 *sreŋʔ
貹 *sreŋs
崝 *zreːŋ
精 *ʔsleŋ, *ʔsleŋs
菁 *ʔsleŋ
鶄 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ
蜻 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleːŋ
鼱 *ʔsleŋ
婧 *ʔsleŋ, *zleŋs, *zleŋʔ
睛 *ʔsleŋ, *sʰleŋʔ
箐 *ʔsleŋ
聙 *ʔsleŋ
旌 *ʔsleŋ
清 *sʰleŋ
圊 *sʰleŋ
請 *sʰleŋʔ, *zleŋs, *zleŋ
凊 *sʰleŋs
䝼 *zleŋs, *zleŋ
靚 *zleŋs
情 *zleŋ
晴 *zleŋ
夝 *zleŋ
靜 *zleŋʔ
靖 *zleŋʔ
睲 *seŋʔ, *seːŋs
惺 *seŋʔ, *seːŋ
性 *sleŋs
姓 *sleŋs
靗 *l̥ʰeŋs
鯖 *ʔljeŋ, *sʰleːŋ
青 *sʰleːŋ
靘 *sʰleːŋ, *sʰleːŋs
掅 *sʰleːŋs
胜 *sleːŋ
曐 *sleːŋ
星 *sleːŋ
鮏 *sleːŋ
腥 *seːŋ, *seːŋs
鯹 *seːŋ
醒 *seːŋ, *seːŋʔ, *seːŋs
篂 *seːŋ

Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 屮 (“bud”) + 一 (“ground”) – sprouting from the ground.

Etymology 1 edit

simp. and trad.
 生
alternative forms 𤯓

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *s-riŋ ~ s-r(j)aŋ (“to live; to be alive; to give birth; raw; green”). Cognate with Burmese ရှင် (hrang, “to live; alive”), Mizo hring (“to bear; to bring forth; to give birth to; green”).

Schuessler (2007) proposes that Proto-Sino-Tibetan *sriŋ is derived from the root *sri (“to exist”) (whence possibly Chinese 體 (OC *r̥ʰiːʔ, “body; shape; form”)) + *-ŋ (“terminative suffix”).

Both level tone and falling tone readings are found in Middle Chinese, but the latter has since been lost and is merged into the level-tone reading in modern dialects.

Related to 青 (OC *sʰleːŋ, “blue-green”), 蒼 (OC *sʰaːŋ, *sʰaːŋʔ, “dark blue; deep green”).

Derivatives: 性 (OC *sleŋs, “nature; character; personality; quality”), 姓 (OC *sleŋs, “family name”).

Pronunciation 1 edit

Note:
  • saang1 - colloquial;
  • sang1 - literary.
Note:
  • sang1 - colloquial;
  • sen1 - literary.
Note:
  • Sixian:
    • sâng - colloquial;
    • sên - literary.
  • Meixian:
    • sang1 - colloquial;
    • sên1 - literary;
    • xiên1 - in 生理 (“business”).
Note:
  • sáng, cháng - colloquial;
  • sáing - literary.
Note:
  • săng - colloquial;
  • chăng - colloquial (“raw”);
  • sĕng - literary.
Note:
  • siⁿ/seⁿ - colloquial;
  • chhiⁿ/chheⁿ - colloquial (“raw”);
  • seng/sng - literary.
Note:
  • sên1 - colloquial;
  • cên1 - colloquial (“raw”);
  • sêng1 - literary (“student”).
Note:
  • 1san - colloquial;
  • 1sen - literary.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 生
Mandarin Beijing /ʂəŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʂəŋ⁴/
Tianjin /səŋ²¹/
Jinan /ʂəŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ʂəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /səŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /səŋ²¹/
Xining /sə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /səŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /ʂə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /sɤŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /sən⁵⁵/
Chengdu /sən⁵⁵/
Guiyang /sen⁵⁵/
Kunming /sə̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /sən³¹/
Hefei /sən²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /səŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /səŋ¹³/
/ʂʐ̩e̞¹³/
Hohhot /sə̃ŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /səŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /sã⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /sen³³/
Wenzhou /siɛ³³/
Hui Shexian /sʌ̃³¹/
/sɛ³¹/
Tunxi /ɕiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /sən³³/
Xiangtan /siẽ³³/
/sən³³/
Gan Nanchang /sɑŋ⁴²/
/sɛn⁴²/ ～意
Hakka Meixian /saŋ⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /sɑŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /sɐŋ⁵³/
/saŋ⁵³/
Nanning /saŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /sɐŋ⁵⁵/
/saŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /siŋ⁵⁵/
/sĩ⁵⁵/ ～死
/t͡sʰĩ⁵⁵/ ～肉
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /saŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /saiŋ⁵⁴/ 學～
/t͡sʰaŋ⁵⁴/ ～熟
Shantou (Teochew) /seŋ³³/
/sẽ³³/
/t͡sʰẽ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /seŋ²³/
/sɔŋ²³/
/tɛ²³/ ～活
/sɛ²³/ 不熟
Rime
Character 生 生
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 生 (21) 生 (21)
Final (韻) 庚 (109) 庚 (109)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) II II
Fanqie 所庚切 所敬切
Baxter sraeng sraengH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʃˠæŋ/ /ʃˠæŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʃᵚaŋ/ /ʃᵚaŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ʃaŋ/ /ʃaŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʂaɨjŋ/ /ʂaɨjŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ʃɐŋ/ /ʃɐŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ʃɐŋ/ /ʃɐŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/ʂɐŋ/ /ʂɐŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		shēng shèng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		sang1 sang3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 生 生 生
Reading # 1/3 2/3 3/3
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		shēng shēng shēng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ sræng › ‹ sræng › ‹ srjæng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*sreŋ/ (MC srj- > sr-; or *s.reŋ ?) /*sreŋ/ /*sreŋ/ (or *s.reŋ ?)
English bear, be born; live fresh, raw bear, be born; live

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 生 生
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 11312 11322
Phonetic
component 		生 生
Rime
group 		耕 耕
Rime
subdivision 		0 0
Corresponding
MC rime 		生 生
Old
Chinese 		/*sʰleːŋ/ /*sreŋs/

Definitions edit

生

  1. to live; to subsist; to exist
  2. to grow; to develop; to bud
  3. (transitive) to bear; to give birth; to bring up; to rear
    他妻子生了一對雙胞胎女孩。 [MSC, trad.]
    他妻子生了一对双胞胎女孩。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā qīzǐ shēng le yī duì shuāngbāotāi nǚhái. [Pinyin]
    His wife gave birth to twin girls.
  4. to be born; to come into existence
    他生在中國。／他生在中国。  ―  Tā shēng zài zhōngguó.  ―  He was born in China.
  5. (dialectal) to lay (an egg)
    生蛋 [Cantonese]  ―  saang1 daan6-2 [Jyutping]  ―  to lay eggs
  6. pupil; disciple; student
    你作為全日制生必須定期上課。 [MSC, trad.]
    你作为全日制生必须定期上课。 [MSC, simp.]
    Nǐ zuòwèi quánrìzhì shēng bìxū dìngqī shàngkè. [Pinyin]
    As a full-time student, you should attend classes on a regular basis.
  7. (historical) scholar; Confucian scholar
  8. (opera) actor or male character
  9. Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “gentleman”).
    1. (Cantonese, honorific, suffix) Short for 先生 (xiānshēng, “Mr.”).
      陳生／陈生 [Cantonese]  ―  can4 saang1 [Jyutping]  ―  Mr. Chan
  10. having life; live
    Synonym: 活
    規矩係死嘅，人係生嘅。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    规矩系死嘅，人系生嘅。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    kwai1 geoi2 hai6 sei2 ge3, jan4 hai6 saang1 ge3. [Jyutping]
    Rules are lifeless; humans are not.
    條魚啱啱喺條河度釣上嚟，仲係生嘅。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    条鱼啱啱喺条河度钓上嚟，仲系生嘅。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    tiu4 jyu4-2 ngaam1 ngaam1 hai2 tiu4 ho4 dou6 diu3 soeng5 lai4, zung6 hai6 saang1 ge3. [Jyutping]
    The fish was just caught with a hook and line from the river. It is still alive.
  11. life; existence; being; living
    殺生／杀生  ―  shāshēng  ―  to destroy a life
  12. fresh; not stale
  13. unripe
  14. raw; uncooked
    Antonym: 熟 (shú)
    生洋蔥／生洋葱  ―  shēng yángcōng  ―  raw onions
    我覺得呢塊肉仲係太生。 [Cantonese, trad.]
    我觉得呢块肉仲系太生。 [Cantonese, simp.]
    ngo5 gok3 dak1 ni1 faai3 juk6 zung6 hai6 taai3 saang1. [Jyutping]
    I think this piece of meat is too raw.
  15. (historical ethnography) uncultured; uncultivated; wild; uncivilized; savage
    生黎  ―  shēng Lí  ―  wild Li
  16. strange; unfamiliar
    生人  ―  shēngrén  ―  stranger
  17. mechanically; forcedly
  18. very; quite; extremely
    生怕  ―  shēngpà  ―  to fear; to be afraid of
  19. vivid; strong; forceful
  20. innate; natural; born with
  21. † The template Template:zh-original does not use the parameter(s): 
    gloss=[[intelligence]]; [[natural]] [[endowment]]
    Please see Module:checkparams for help with this warning.    Original form of 性 (xìng).
  22. living things; organism
  23. livelihood; subsistence
    謀生／谋生  ―  móushēng  ―  to make a living
  24. lifetime; all one's life
    來生／来生  ―  láishēng  ―  afterlife
  25. birthday; anniversary
    慶生／庆生  ―  qìngshēng  ―  to celebrate one's birthday
  26. to bring back to life; to revive; to rescue
  27. to generate; to breed; to create
  28. to manufacture; to produce
  29. to happen; to occur; to take place
  30. to catch (a disease)
    我生了什麼病？／我生了什么病？  ―  Wǒ shēng le shénme bìng?  ―  What disease have I got?
    生蛇 [Hokkien]  ―  seⁿ-chôa [Pe̍h-ōe-jī]  ―  to have shingles
  31. (transitive) to be infested by a parasite
    生跳蚤  ―  shēng tiàozǎo  ―  to be infested with fleas
    生蝨乸／生虱乸 [Cantonese]  ―  saang1 sat1 naa2 [Jyutping]  ―  to be infested with lice
  32. (Buddhism) to go into society; to be reincarnated
  33. (dialectal) to set up; to put in; to settle
  34. to light; to ignite (a fire)
    母親沒有生爐子。 [MSC, trad.]
    母亲没有生炉子。 [MSC, simp.]
    Mǔqīn méi yǒu shēng lúzi. [Pinyin]
    Mother did not light the stove.
  35. a surname
Synonyms edit
Dialectal synonyms of 長 (“(of an organism) to grow; to develop”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 生, 長
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 長
Mandarin Taiwan 長
Yantai (Muping) 生
Jinan 長
Wanrong 長
Xi'an 長
Ürümqi 生
Wuhan 長
Guilin 長
Yangzhou 生
Singapore 長
Cantonese Guangzhou 生
Hong Kong 生
Dongguan 生
Gan Lichuan 長
Pingxiang 生
Hakka Meixian 生
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 生
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 生
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 生
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 生
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 生
Jin Taiyuan 長
Eastern Min Fuzhou 生
Southern Min Xiamen 生
Quanzhou 生
Zhangzhou 生
Taipei 生 GT
Singapore (Hokkien) 生
Shantou 生
Jieyang 生
Leizhou 生
Haikou 生
Wu Suzhou 長
Ningbo 生
Wenzhou 生
Jinhua 生
Xiang Loudi 生
Note GT - General Taiwanese (no specific region identified)
Dialectal synonyms of 生 (“to give birth to”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 生
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 生
Mandarin Taiwan 生
Yantai (Muping) 生
Yinchuan 生
Ürümqi 生
Wuhan 生
Singapore 生
Cantonese Guangzhou 生, 臊
Hong Kong 生, 臊
Dongguan 生
Singapore (Guangfu) 生
Gan Nanchang 生
Huizhou Jixi 生
Jin Taiyuan 生
Northern Min Jian'ou 洗
Eastern Min Fuzhou 生
Southern Min Xiamen 生
Quanzhou 生
Zhangzhou 生
Tainan 生
Singapore (Hokkien) 生
Manila (Hokkien) 生
Singapore (Teochew) 生
Haikou 生
Wu Shanghai 養 especially of human beings, 生
Suzhou 養 especially of human beings, 生
Wenzhou 生
Jinhua 生
Xiang Loudi 生
Dialectal synonyms of 活 (“having life; live”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 有生
Mandarin Beijing 活
Taiwan 活
Jinan 活
Xi'an 活
Wuhan 活
Chengdu 活
Guilin 活
Yangzhou 活
Hefei 活
Singapore 活
Cantonese Guangzhou 生
Hong Kong 生
Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou) 生
Hong Kong (Ting Kok) 生
Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau) 生
Yangjiang 生
Singapore (Guangfu) 生
Gan Nanchang 活
Hakka Meixian 生
Hong Kong 生
Senai (Huiyang) 生
Jin Taiyuan 活
Northern Min Jian'ou 生
Eastern Min Fuzhou 活
Southern Min Xiamen 活
Singapore (Hokkien) 活
Chaozhou 活
Bangkok (Teochew) 活
Johor Bahru (Teochew) 活
Singapore (Teochew) 活
Wu Shanghai 活
Suzhou 活
Wenzhou 活, 健
Xiang Changsha 活
Shuangfeng 活
Antonyms edit
  • (antonym(s) of "uncultured"): 熟 (shú)

Pronunciation 2 edit

Definitions edit

生

  1. (Cantonese) Only used in 架生

Etymology 2 edit

simp. and trad.
 生

From Mandarin 上.

Pronunciation edit

Definitions edit

生

  1. (music) Cantonese opera gongche notation for the note high do (1̇).
    Synonym: 仩 (shàng) (Kunqu)

Etymology 3 edit

simp. and trad.
 生

Phono-semantic matching of Japanese さん (-san).

Pronunciation edit

Definitions edit

生

  1. (Hong Kong, honorific, suffix) -san, when referring to a Japanese person
Synonyms edit

Compounds edit

Descendants edit

Sino-Xenic (生):

References edit

Japanese edit

Stroke order (Japan)
 
Stroke order
(Japan)
 

Kanji edit

生

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Compounds

Etymology 1 edit

Kanji in this term
生
なま
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

From Old Japanese. Numerous derivatives already in use in the Heian period.[1][2]

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

生(なま) • (nama) 

  1. a raw, uncooked state
    肉(にく)を生(なま)のまま食(た)べると、腹(はら)を壊(こわ)すことがある。
    Niku o nama no mama taberu to, hara o kowasu koto ga aru.
    You may have a stomachache if you eat raw meat.
  2. Short for 生ビール (“draft beer”).

Prefix edit

生(なま) • (nama-) 

  1. (broadcasting) live
    生(なま)演奏(えんそう)
    namaensō
    live performance
  2. fresh, draft
    生(なま)クリーム
    nama kurīmu
    fresh cream
    生(なま)ビール
    nama bīru
    draft beer
  3. raw, uncooked, rare
    生(なま)卵(たまご)
    nama tamago
    a raw egg
  4. natural, unprocessed

Derived terms edit

Derived terms

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
生
せい
Grade: 1
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 生 (MC sraeng|sraengH, “alive; fresh; raw; unprocessed”). The 漢音 (kan'on) reading, so likely a later borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

生(せい) • (sei) 

  1. a living
    生(せい)を営(いとな)む
    sei o itonamu
    make a living
  2. life
    Synonym: 命 (inochi)
    生(せい)の喜(よろこ)び
    sei no yorokobi
    the joys of life

Pronoun edit

生(せい) • (sei) 

  1. (humble) I or me, the first person singular (used by males)

Suffix edit

生(せい) • (-sei) 

  1. a student
    中学(ちゅうがく)生(せい)、大学(だいがく)生(せい)、受験(じゅけん)生(せい)
    chūgakusei, daigakusei, jukensei
    middle-school student, university student, test-taking student → examinee
  2. (be) born in
    Antonym: 歿 (botsu, “died in”)
    1950(せんきゅうひゃくごじゅう)年(ねん)生(せい)
    sen-kyūhyaku-gojū-nen sei
    born in 1950

Derived terms edit

Derived terms

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
生
き
Grade: 1
kun’yomi

Likely a contraction from 生き (iki, “life, living; freshness”).[1]

Pronunciation edit

Noun edit

生(き) • (ki) 

  1. purity, a lack of any admixture, a state of being undiluted
    ウィスキーを生(き)で飲(の)む
    wisukī o ki de nomu
    drink whiskey straight

Prefix edit

生(き) • (ki-) 

  1. unrefined
    生(き)糸(いと)
    kiito
    raw silk
  2. pure, undefiled, unadulterated
    生(き)娘(むすめ)
    kimusume
    innocent young girl

Derived terms edit

Derived terms

Etymology 4 edit

Kanji in this term
生
しょう
Grade: 1
goon

From Middle Chinese 生 (MC sraeng|sraengH). The 呉音 (goon) reading, so likely the initial borrowing from Middle Chinese.

Pronunciation edit

Affix edit

生(しょう) • (shō) 

  1. life; lifetime
Derived terms edit
Derived terms

See also edit

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean edit

Etymology edit

From Middle Chinese 生 (MC sraeng|sraengH).

Historical readings

Pronunciation edit

Hanja edit

Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

生 (eumhun 날 생 (nal saeng))

  1. Hanja form? of 생 (“raw; uncooked”).
  2. Hanja form? of 생 (“of life; to be born”).
  3. Hanja form? of 생 (“to produce”).

Compounds edit

Compounds

References edit

  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Okinawan edit

Kanji edit

生

(grade 1 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings edit

Compounds edit

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

生: Hán Việt readings: sinh[1][2][3][4], sanh (師(sư)庚(canh)切(thiết))[3][4]
生: Nôm readings: sanh[1][2][5][4][6][7], siêng[1][3][5][4][6][7], sinh[1][2][3][4][7], xinh[1][2][3][5], xênh[1][3][5], sống[1], xanh[1]

  1. chữ Hán form of sinh (“to produce; to yield; to give birth to”).
  2. chữ Hán form of sanh (“to be born”).
  3. Nôm form of siêng (“diligent; assiduous”).

Compounds edit

Compounds derived from sinh
Compounds derived from siêng

References edit

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Hồ (1976).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Génibrel (1898).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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