けれども

Japanese edit

Alternative forms edit

(informal) けれど (keredo)
(informal) けども (kedomo)
(more informal) けど (kedo)
(dialect) けんど (kendo)

Etymology edit

Originally a compound of けれ (kere, not found in isolation; meaning roughly “be that as it may”) +‎ ども (domo, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition).^[1]^[2]

Etymology details

The former kere part has multiple possible derivations:
1. The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical -ku adjectives (modern -i adjectives)^[1]^[2]
2. The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) suffix for classical negative supposition auxiliary verb まじ (maji)^[1]
3. The 已然形 (izenkei, “realis form”) of classical past recollective auxiliary verb けり (keri)^[1]

Auxiliary verb maji conjugates almost identically to a classical -ku adjective, so 1 and 2 above can be broadly viewed together. This theory is somewhat flawed, in that the regular realis form of classical -ku adjectives would be not -kere, but rather -kare (as the fusion of adverbial ending -ku + the realis form are of classical copular or “to be” verb あり (ari), modern ある (aru)). There are historical examples of -ku + are fusing into -kere, but these appear to be restricted to early modern Japanese in the Kyoto area, while keredomo appears in the late middle Japanese period and was not restricted to Kyoto.^[1]

The realis form of past recollective auxiliary verb keri was likewise formed by fusion, combining ki with the realis form are of existence verb あり (ari, “to be”). There are other documented examples of the diphthong ia changing into e, so the shift from ki + are to kere would not be unexpected. Some theories point towards the ki element being the past recollective auxiliary verb ki, but this had no known continuative form (for joining to following verbs). Other theories suggest that this was the continuative stem form ki of Old Japanese verb 来 (ku, “to come”), which would fit grammatically, with the compound presumably meaning “having come to be, having come into being”. Compare English be that as it may.

The latter domo part was itself originally a compound of ど (do, conjunctive particle introducing a contrary condition) + も (mo, “even, also”, particle).^[1]^[2] The do conjunctive particle grammatically requires that the preceding conjugation be in the realis form, and this is indeed the form used for the preceding kere portion of keredomo.

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) けれども [kéꜜrèdòmò] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2] (conjunction)
IPA^(key): [ke̞ɾe̞do̞mo̞]

Particle edit

けれども • (keredomo)

(formal) although; though; but
Synonym: が (ga)

疲(つか)れていたけれども、相(あい)手(て)をしてやった。
Tsukarete ita keredomo, aite o shite yatta.
Tired though I was, I kept him company.

彼(かの)女(じょ)は一(いっ)風(ぷう)変(か)わっているけど綺(き)麗(れい)だ。
Kanojo wa ippū kawatte iru kedo kirei da.
She is strange but pretty.

痛(いた)いけど気(き)持(も)ちいい。
Itai kedo kimochi ii.
It hurts but it feels good.
(formal) Used to introduce context or provide additional information before introducing a new topic.^[3]
Synonym: が (ga)

Conjunction edit