Wiktionary

中

See also: 𝌆, Φ, Ф, ↀ, and ቀ
中 U+4E2D, 中
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4E2D
← 丬
[U+4E2C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 丮 →
[U+4E2E]

Translingual

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Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han character

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中 (Kangxi radical 2, 丨+3, 4 strokes, cangjie input 中 (L), four-corner 50006, composition ⿻口丨)

Derived characters

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Additional Derived Characters

References

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  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 79, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 73
  • Dae Jaweon: page 158, character 6
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 28, character 10
  • Unihan data for U+4E2D

Chinese

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simp. and trad.
 中
alternative forms 𠁦
𠁧
𠁩
𠔈
𠔗
 
Wikipedia has articles on:
  • 中 (Written Standard Chinese?)
  • 中 (Cantonese)
  • 中 (Gan)

Glyph origin

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Historical forms of the character 中
Shang Western Zhou Spring and Autumn Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming) Libian (compiled in Qing)
Bronze inscriptions Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Shizhoupian script Ancient script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts Clerical script
                       
 
j00886
 
j00887
 
j00888
 
j00889
 
j00890
 
j00891
 
j00892
 
j00893
 
j00894
 
j00895
 
j00896
 
j00897
 
j00898
 
j00899
 
j00900
 
j00901
 
j00902
 
j00903
 
j00904
 
j00905
 
j00906
 
j00907
 
j00908
 
j00909
 
j00910
 
j00911
 
j00912
 
j00913
 
j00914
 
j00915
 
j00916
 
j00917
 
j00918
 
j00919
 
b00634
 
b00635
 
b00636
 
b00637
 
b00638
 
b00639
 
b00640
 
b00641
 
b00642
 
b00643
 
b00644
 
b00645
 
b00646
 
b00647
 
b00648
 
b00649
 
b00650
 
b00651
 
b00652
 
b00653
 
b00654
 
b00655
 
b00656
 
b00657
 
b00658
 
b00659
 
b00660
 
b00661
 
b00662
 
b00663
 
b00664
 
b00665
 
b00666
 
b00667
 
b00668
 
b00669
 
b00670
 
b00671
 
b00672
 
b00673
 
b00674
 
b00675
 
b00676
 
b00677
 
b00678
 
b00679
 
s00273
 
s00274
 
s00275
References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (中) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
中 *tuŋ, *tuŋs
忠 *tuŋ
衷 *tuŋ, *tuŋs
忡 *tʰuŋ
浺 *tʰuŋ
盅 *tʰuŋ, *duŋ, *tjoŋ
种 *duŋ
沖 *duŋ
翀 *duŋ
仲 *duŋs

Pictogram (象形) – a flagpole. Based on archaeological evidence, the middle box has been interpreted as a drum (建鼓). This flagpole with a drum was placed in the center of a field to gather people and to detect the direction of the wind. In addition, the pronunciation of 中 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs) is reminiscent of the beating of a drum.

Shuowen interprets the character as a vertical stroke 丨 passing through the center of 口, indicating the center.

It has also been interpreted as an arrow in the center of a target.

Etymology

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“Middle; centre” (Pronunciation 1) > “to hit the centre; to attain” (Pronunciation 2).

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *t/duŋ. Cognate with Tibetan གཞུང (gzhung, “middle, center”).

Related to:

  • 衷 (OC *tuŋ, *tuŋs, “middle; inner garment; inner feelings”);
  • 仲 (OC *duŋs, “second (of the brothers or months)”).

Pronunciation 1

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Note:
Note:
  • dé̤ng - literary;
  • dô̤ng - vernacular.
Note:
  • dṳ̆ng - literary;
  • dŏng - vernacular.
Note:
  • Quanzhou:
    • tiong - literary;
    • tng - vernacular (limited, e.g. 中秋);
    • teng - vernacular (in place names, e.g. 田中, 湖中);
    • thang - vernacular (limited).
Note:
  • dang1 - vernacular;
  • dong1/diong1 - literary (diong1 - Chaoyang).
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 中
Mandarin Beijing /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁵⁵/
Harbin /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡suŋ²¹/
Jinan /ʈ͡ʂuŋ²¹³/
Qingdao /ʈ͡ʂəŋ²¹³/
Zhengzhou /ʈ͡ʂuŋ²⁴/
Xi'an /p͡fəŋ²¹/
Xining /ʈ͡ʂuə̃⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /p͡fə̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /ʈ͡ʂuŋ⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡soŋ⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡soŋ⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡soŋ⁵⁵/
Kunming /ʈ͡ʂoŋ⁴⁴/
Nanjing /ʈ͡ʂoŋ³¹/
Hefei /ʈ͡ʂəŋ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡suəŋ¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡suŋ¹³/
Hohhot /t͡sũŋ³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡soŋ⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡soŋ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡soŋ³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕoŋ³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡sʌ̃³¹/
Tunxi /t͡san¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /ʈ͡ʂoŋ³³/
Xiangtan /ʈ͡ʂən³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡suŋ⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /tuŋ⁴⁴/ ～心
/t͡suŋ⁴⁴/ ～間
Taoyuan /tuŋ²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /t͡soŋ⁵³/
Nanning /t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /t͡suŋ⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /tiɔŋ⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /tyŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /tœyŋ⁵⁴/
/tœyŋ³³/ ～奬
Shantou (Teochew) /toŋ³³/
/taŋ³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /toŋ²³/
Rime
Character 中
Reading # 1/2
Initial (聲) 知 (9)
Final (韻) 東 (2)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 陟弓切
Baxter trjuwng
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʈɨuŋ/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈiuŋ/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȶiuŋ/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈuwŋ/
Li
Rong 		/ȶiuŋ/
Wang
Li 		/ȶĭuŋ/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȶi̯uŋ/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhōng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zung1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 中
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhōng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ trjuwng ›
Old
Chinese 		/*truŋ/
English center

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 中
Reading # 1/2
No. 17407
Phonetic
component 		中
Rime
group 		終
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		中
Old
Chinese 		/*tuŋ/

Definitions

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中

  1. middle; center
    居中  ―  jūzhōng  ―  to be placed in the middle
    華中／华中  ―  Huázhōng  ―  Central China
  2. medium; intermediary
    中型  ―  zhōngxíng  ―  medium-size; mid-size
    這件夾克有三個尺碼：小、中、大。 [MSC, trad.]
    这件夹克有三个尺码：小、中、大。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhè jiàn jiākè yǒu sān ge chǐmǎ: xiǎo, zhōng, dà. [Pinyin]
    You can get the jacket in three sizes - small, medium and large.
  3. within; among; in
    水中  ―  shuǐ zhōng  ―  in the water
    我們中間有一個15歲的女孩。 [MSC, trad.]
    我们中间有一个15岁的女孩。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǒmen zhōngjiān yǒu yīge 15 suì de nǚhái. [Pinyin]
    A 15-year-old girl was among us.
    他在事故中受傷。 [MSC, trad.]
    他在事故中受伤。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā zài shìgù zhōng shòushāng. [Pinyin]
    He was injured in the accident.
  4. while; in the process of; during; in the middle of
    發展中國家／发展中国家  ―  fāzhǎn zhōng guójiā  ―  developing countries
    網頁正在建設中。 [MSC, trad.]
    网页正在建设中。 [MSC, simp.]
    Wǎngyè zhèngzài jiànshè zhōng. [Pinyin]
    The website is under construction.
  5. to be fit for
    中用  ―  zhōngyòng  ―  to be useful
    中聽／中听  ―  zhōngtīng  ―  pleasant to the ear
  6. heart; innermost being
  7. intermediary
  8. (dialectal) all right; OK
  9. (Cantonese) This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
    五四中二十 [Cantonese]  ―  ng5 sei3 zung1 ji6 sap6 [Jyutping]  ―  five time four equals twenty
  10. Short for 中國／中国 (Zhōngguó, “China; Chinese”).
    中醫／中医  ―  zhōngyī  ―  traditional Chinese medicine
    中美關係／中美关系  ―  Zhōng Měi guānxì  ―  China–United States relation
  11. Short for 中學／中学 (zhōngxué, “middle school”). Used only in the abbreviation of the name.
    三中  ―  Sān Zhōng  ―  No.3 Middle School
  12. 1st tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "the center" (𝌆)
  13. a surname

Synonyms

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  • (China):

Compounds

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Pronunciation 2

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Note:
  • tiòng - literary;
  • tèng - vernacular;
  • thàng - vernacular (limited).
Note:
  • dong3 - literary;
  • dêng3 - vernacular.
Rime
Character 中
Reading # 2/2
Initial (聲) 知 (9)
Final (韻) 東 (2)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 陟仲切
Baxter trjuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/ʈɨuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/ʈiuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ȶiuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/ʈuwŋH/
Li
Rong 		/ȶiuŋH/
Wang
Li 		/ȶĭuŋH/
Bernhard
Karlgren 		/ȶi̯uŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		zhòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		zung3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 中
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		zhòng
Middle
Chinese 		‹ trjuwngH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*truŋ-s/
English hit the center

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 中
Reading # 2/2
No. 17410
Phonetic
component 		中
Rime
group 		終
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		中
Old
Chinese 		/*tuŋs/

Definitions

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中

  1. to hit the mark; to be correct; to be successful
    導彈成功擊中目標。 [MSC, trad.]
    导弹成功击中目标。 [MSC, simp.]
    Dǎodàn chénggōng jī zhòng mùbiāo. [Pinyin]
    The missile successfully hit the target.
    真讓他說中了。 [MSC, trad.]
    真让他说中了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Zhēn ràng tā shuō zhòng le. [Pinyin]
    He turns out to be correct.
  2. to be hit by; to suffer; to be affected by
    中暑  ―  zhòngshǔ  ―  to suffer a heat stroke
    他試圖爬走時肩膀中槍了。 [MSC, trad.]
    他试图爬走时肩膀中枪了。 [MSC, simp.]
    Tā shìtú pá zǒu shí jiānbǎng zhòngqiāng le. [Pinyin]
    As he tried to crawl away, he was hit in the shoulder.
    他中了肺炎。  ―  Tā zhòng le fèiyán.  ―  He has contracted pneumonia.
  3. to win (a prize, a lottery)
    中樂透／中乐透  ―  zhòng lètòu  ―  win a lottery
    中咗六合彩 [Cantonese]  ―  zung3 zo2 luk6 hap6 coi2 [Jyutping]  ―  won the lottery
Synonyms
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  • (Singapore Hokkien) 著 (tio̍h)

Compounds

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Descendants

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Sino-Xenic (中):

Others:

  • → Vietnamese: đúng (“correct”)
  • → Japanese: 中(チュン) (chun, “red dragon (mahjong tile)”)

Japanese

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Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:
Wikipedia ja

Kanji

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中

(First grade kyōiku kanji)

Readings

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Compounds

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Compounds

Etymology 1

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Kanji in this term
中
ちゅう
Grade: 1
on'yomi

From Middle Chinese 中 (MC trjuwng).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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中(ちゅう) • (chū) ←ちゆう (tyuu)?

  1. the middle, medium
    大(だい)中(ちゅう)小(しょう) ― dai chū shō ― large, medium and small
  2. an average, neither good nor poor mark
    中(ちゅう)の出(で)来(き)映(ば)え ― chū no dekibae ― an average performance
  3. the second volume of a three-volume set
Derived terms
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Affix

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中(ちゅう) • (chū) ←ちゆう (tyuu)?

  1. center, middle
  2. medium, intermediate, middle(-level)
  3. neutral, middle
  4. within (a specific range)
  5. among (friends, company, etc.)
  6. hitting (the center, mark, etc.)
  7. Short for 中国 (Chūgoku): China, Chinese
    日(にっ)中(ちゅう)関(かん)係(けい) ― Ni'chū kankei ― Sino-Japanese relations
  8. Short for 中学生 (chūgakusei): junior high school student
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Suffix

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中(ちゅう) • (-chū) ←ちゆう (-tyuu)?

  1. during..., being in the process of doing...
    ダウンロード中(ちゅう) ― daunrōdo-chū ― downloading; download in progress
    メンテ中(ちゅう) ― mente-chū ― currently in maintenance
    インストール中(ちゅう) ― insutōru-chū ― installing
    準備(じゅんび)中(ちゅう) ― junbichū ― currently in preparation
Derived terms
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Derived terms

Etymology 2

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Kanji in this term
中
じゅう
Grade: 1
on'yomi

The rendaku (連濁) form of chū above.

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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中(じゅう) • (-jū) ←ぢゆう (-dyuu)?

  1. during, in the course of, throughout
    世(せ)界(かい)中(じゅう) ― sekaijū ― throughout the world
    体(からだ)中(じゅう) ― karadajū ― throughout the body
  2. all over, everywhere
Usage notes
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The distinction between the suffixes じゅう (-jū) and ちゅう (-chū) can be confusing: じゅう (-jū) means throughout, in all places, as in 一日中 (ichinichijū, “all day long”) or 体中 (karadajū, “throughout the body”), while ちゅう (-chū) means within, but not everywhere, as in 授業中 (jugyōchū, “in class, during class”). Contrast in “I worked on this all day long” with “I worked on this in class (but not necessarily for the entire time)”.

Derived terms
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Etymology 3

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Kanji in this term
中
なか
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 中 – see the following entry.
【なか】
[noun] 中: inside
[noun] 中: middle
[noun] 中: among (a group or mass)
[noun] 中: during (time); amidst
(This term, 中, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 4

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Kanji in this term
中
うち
Grade: 1
kun'yomi
For pronunciation and definitions of 中 – see the following entry.
【内うち】2
[noun] the inside, within (a physical location)
[noun] something between, among
[noun] something while, during, inside or within a span of time
[noun] (when used possessively) one’s own, my, our
[noun] This term needs a translation to English.
[pronoun] (informal, women's speech) I, me
(This term, 中, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Etymology 5

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Kanji in this term
中
ちゅん
Grade: 1
irregular

Borrowing from Mandarin 中 (zhōng).

Pronunciation

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Noun

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中(チュン) • (chun) 

  1. (mahjong) Short for 紅中 (honchun): a red dragon tile
  2. (mahjong) a 役 (yaku, “winning hand combination”) with a meld of red dragon tiles, worth 1 翻 (han, “double”)
    Hypernym: 役牌 (yakuhai, yakupai)

See also

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Etymology 6

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Various nanori readings.

Proper noun

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中(あたり) • (Atari) 

  1. a surname

Proper noun

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中(あたる) • (Ataru) 

  1. a female given name

Proper noun

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中(なかば) • (Nakaba) 

  1. a surname

References

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  1. ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

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Etymology

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From Middle Chinese 中 (MC trjuwng).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 듀ᇰ (Yale: tyùng)
Middle Korean
Text Eumhun
Gloss (hun) Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[1] 가온〮ᄃᆡᆺ (Yale: kàwóntòy-s) 듀ᇰ (Yale: tyùng)

Pronunciation

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Hanja

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Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

Wikisource

中 (eumhun 가운데 중 (gaunde jung))

  1. Hanja form? of 중 (“average (grade or class)”).
  2. Hanja form? of 중 (“middle; medium”).
  3. Hanja form? of 중 (“amongst”).
  4. Hanja form? of 중 (“in the course of; during”).
  5. Hanja form? of 중 (“China (in compounds or in news media)”).

Compounds

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Compounds

Proper noun

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Hanja in this term
中

中 • (Jung) (hangeul 중)

  1. (in news headlines) Short for 中(중)國(국) (Jungguk, “China”).
    韓·中 관계 ― Han·Jung gwangye ― South Korea – China relations

Usage notes

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In news headlines, this is usually written solely in the hanja form, even in contemporary Korean text otherwise devoid of any hanja.

References

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  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]

Old Korean

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Alternative forms

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  • 希 (*-huy) (probably represents lenition of initial *k)

Particle

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中 (*-kuy, *-huy)

  1. in; at; amid (locative case marker, attested in isolation only before the eleventh century)

Reconstruction notes

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  • Conventionally reconstructed as *-kuy because Idu manuals in Han'gul read this character as -희 (-huy), which is believed to reflect an ancient reading tradition. Middle Korean intervocalic /h/ is usually lenited from Old Korean */k/ based on internal and dialectal reconstruction. The non-lenited form also survives directly in pronouns: 이ᅌᅥ긔〮 (ìngèkúy, “here”), 뎌ᇰ어긔〮 (tyèngèkúy, “there”), etc.
  • Assumed to be a logogram borrowed from Chinese, as no Chinese reading or native Korean equivalent of 中 whose phonology is even remotely similar to *kuy is known. The Chinese word often bears a locative meaning as well, and there is a certain parallel in the Vietnamese Nôm use of the same character to write the native preposition trong (“in; inside”).
  • First-millennium Old Korean also featured the locative particle 良 (*-a). The two particles were compounded as 良中 (*-a-kuy) as early as the seventh century. The compounded form becomes predominant in the corpus after the eleventh century, after which 中 *-kuy in isolation is rarely encountered (although a likely Middle Korean reflex is attested in Hangul form as late as the fifteenth century). The compounded form eventually fused into a single morpheme, becoming the Middle Korean locative particle -에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy).
  • At some point, perhaps even before widespread compounding, */k/ was lenited to */h/. Lenition may have begun as early as the eighth century, given the attestation of the 希 form in the poem 讚耆婆郞歌 Changiparang-ga, whose claimed date of composition is 740.
  • Nam Pung-hyun suggests that 矣 (*-uy), another apparent locative particle attested in the Old Korean corpus, should be connected to 中 (*-kuy.) He classifies both as "uy-type locatives", in contrast to 良 (*-a) as an "a-type locative", and speculates that the uy-type locatives were reserved for animate beings while 良 could be used indiscriminately.

Descendants

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  • Old Korean: 良中 (*-akuy) (compounded with 良 (*-a))
  • Middle Korean: -희 (-huy) (rare)

See also

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  • 良 (*-a) (locative case marker)
  • 矣 (*-uy) (locative case marker)
  • 良中 (*-akuy) (locative case marker predominant after the eleventh century)

References

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  • 배대은 [baedaeeun] (1996) “이두 처격조사의 통시적 고찰 [idu cheogyeokjosaui tongsijeok gochal, A diachronic study of locative case markers in Idu]”, in Baedalmal, volume 21, pages 139–156
  • 이승재 [iseungjae] (2000) “차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구 [chajapyogi jaryoui gyeokjosa yeon'gu, Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo Gukmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132
  • Hwang Seon-yeop (2006). "Godae gugeo-ui cheogyeok josa" 고대국어의 처격조사] ["The locative case markers of Old Korean"]. Hanmal Yeon'gu Hakhoe Jeon'guk Haksul Daehoe (conference). Seongnam, South Korea. pp. 35–48.
  • Nam Pung-hyun (2012) “Old Korean”, in Tranter, Nicolas, editor, The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 41–72

Vietnamese

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Han character

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中: Hán Việt readings: trung (陟(trắc)弓(cung)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5], trúng[1][2][3][4][5]
中: Nôm readings: trúng[1][2][3][4][6], trong[1][2][3][7], trung[1][2][4][6], truồng[3][4][5][6], đúng[3], truông[7]

  1. Chữ Hán form of trung (“middle”).
  2. Chữ Hán form of Trung (“Sino-”).
  3. Chữ Hán form of trúng (“to hit”).
  4. Nôm form of trong (“in; inside; within”).

Compounds

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Compounds

References

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  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Nguyễn (2014).
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Trần (2004).
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Bonet (1899).
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Génibrel (1898).
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Hồ (1976).
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