Wiktionary

以

以 U+4EE5, 以
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4EE5
← 令
[U+4EE4] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 仦 →
[U+4EE6]

TranslingualEdit

Stroke order
 
Stroke order
 

Han characterEdit

以 (radical 9, 人+2 in Chinese, 人+3 in Japanese, 4 strokes in Chinese, 5 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 女戈人 (VIO), four-corner 28100, composition ⿲𠄌丶人)

Derived charactersEdit

DescendantsEdit

ReferencesEdit

  • KangXi: page 94, character 1
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 388
  • Dae Jaweon: page 199, character 1
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 105, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+4EE5

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.
 以
alternative forms 㠯

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 以
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Chu Slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
           
Oracle bone script
 

j31039

 

j31040

 

j31041

 

j31042

 

j31043

 

j31044

 

j31045

 

j31046

 

j31047

 

j31048

 

j31049

 

j31050

 

j31051

 

j31052

 

j31053

 

j31054

 

j31055

 

j31056

 

j31057

 

j31058

 

j31059

 

j31060

 

j31061

 

j31062

 

j31063

 

j31064

 

j31065

 

j31066

 

j31067

 

j31068

 

j31069

 

j31070

 

j31071

 

j31072

 

j31073

 

j31074

 

j31075

Bronze inscriptions
 

b21167

 

b21168

 

b21169

 

b21170

 

b21171

 

b21172

 

b21173

 

b21174

 

b21175

 

b21176

 

b21177

 

b21178

 

b21179

 

b21180

 

b21181

 

b21182

 

b21183

 

b21184

 

b21185

 

b21186

 

b21187

 

b21188

 

b21189

 

b21190

 

b21191

 

b21192

 

b21193

 

b21194

 

b21195

 

b21196

 

b21197

 

b21198

 

b21199

 

b21200

 

b21201

 

b21202

 

b21203

 

b21204

 

b21205

 

b21206

 

b21207

 

b21208

 

b21209

 

b21210

 

b21211

 

b21212

 

b21213

 

b21214

 

b21215

 

b21216

 

b21217

 

b21218

Small seal script
 

s11013

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L34134

 

L34135

 

L34136

 

L13617

 

L13618

 

L13619

 

L13620

 

L13621

 

L13622

 

L13623

 

L13624

 

L13625

 

L13626

 

L13627

 

L13628

 

L13616

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (以) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
似 *ljɯʔ
姒 *ljɯʔ
耜 *ljɯʔ
佀 *ljɯʔ
以 *lɯʔ
苡 *lɯʔ
苢 *lɯʔ

Pictogram (象形) – a person (人) carrying something. It is often simplified to 㠯 in pre-Qin ancient scripts.

Etymology 1Edit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *la-k (“to take; to fetch”) (Schuessler, 2007; STEDT). Cognate with 式 (OC *hljɯɡ, “model; form; rule”), 試 (OC *hljɯɡs, “to test; to try”).

PronunciationEdit

Rime
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 以 (36)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 羊己切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/jɨX/
Pan
Wuyun 		/jɨX/
Shao
Rongfen 		/ieX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/jɨX/
Li
Rong 		/iəX/
Wang
Li 		/jĭəX/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		yǐ
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		yǐ
Middle
Chinese 		‹ yiX ›
Old
Chinese 		/*ləʔ/
English take, use

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 以
Reading # 1/1
No. 14929
Phonetic
component 		以
Rime
group 		之
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		以
Old
Chinese 		/*lɯʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

以

  1. a preposition that expresses a boundary in spacetime or bearing (e.g., see 以北 (yǐběi), 以東／以东 (yǐdōng), 以後／以后 (yǐhòu), 以來／以来 (yǐlái), 以南 (yǐnán), 以內／以内 (yǐnèi), 以前 (yǐqián), 以上 (yǐshàng), 以外 (yǐwài), 以往 (yǐwǎng) 以西 (yǐxī), 以下 (yǐxià), 以右, and 以左)
    自古以來 / 自古以来  ―  zìgǔ yǐlái  ―  since time immemorial
    長安東路以西 / 长安东路以西  ―  cháng'ān dōng lù yǐxī  ―  west of Chang’an East Road
    價格在一千元以上。 [MSC, trad.]
    价格在一千元以上。 [MSC, simp.]
    Jiàgé zài yīqiān yuán yǐshàng. [Pinyin]
    The price is above one thousand yuan.
  2. by; with; by means of
    學校不應單以成績評估學生。 [MSC, trad.]
    学校不应单以成绩评估学生。 [MSC, simp.]
    Xuéxiào bù yìng dān yǐ chéngjì pínggū xuéshēng. [Pinyin]
    Schools should not judge students only by their results.
    彼此以同樣的態度或行為對待對方。 [MSC, trad.]
    彼此以同样的态度或行为对待对方。 [MSC, simp.]
    Bǐcǐ yǐ tóngyàng de tàidù huò xíngwèi duìdài duìfāng. [Pinyin]
    One another treating an opposing side with the same attitude or behavior.
  3. according to
    物以類聚 / 物以类聚  ―  wùyǐlèijù  ―  birds of a feather flock together (lit. things will be gathered together according to category)
  4. so as to; in order to
    市民對惡劣天氣要作出適當的預防措施，以減低可能引致的人命傷亡及財物損失。 [MSC, trad.]
    市民对恶劣天气要作出适当的预防措施，以减低可能引致的人命伤亡及财物损失。 [MSC, simp.]
    Shìmín duì wùliè tiānqì yào zuòchū shìdāng de yùfáng cuòshī, yǐ jiǎndī kěnéng yǐnzhì de rénmìng shāngwáng jí cáiwù sǔnshī. [Pinyin]
    The public should take appropriate preventive measures against severe weather in order to minimize possible loss of life, injury and property damage.
  5. because; because of
    勿以善小而不為 / 勿以善小而不为  ―  wùyǐshànxiǎo'érbùwèi  ―  do not fail to commit a good act just because it is small in scale.
  6. † therefore; thus
    昔吾有先正，其言明且清，國家以寧，都邑以成，庶民以生。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
    昔吾有先正，其言明且清，国家以宁，都邑以成，庶民以生。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
    From: The Book of Rites, circa 4th – 2nd century BCE
    Xī wú yǒu xiānzhèng, qí yán míng qiě qīng, guójiā yǐ níng, dōuyì yǐ chéng, shùmín yǐ shēng. [Pinyin]
    Once we had that former premier, His words were wise and pure; The states and clans by him were (therefore) at rest, The chief cities and towns by him were (therefore) well regulated, All the people by him (therefore) enjoyed their life.
  7. to use
  8. Short for 以色列 (Yǐsèliè, “Israel”).

CompoundsEdit

Derived terms from 以

Etymology 2Edit

For pronunciation and definitions of 以 – see 似 (“like; resembling; etc.”).
(This character, 以, is a variant form of 似.)

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

以

(grade 4 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. compared to
  2. than
  3. by means of
  4. because
  5. in view of
  6. compared with

ReadingsEdit

CompoundsEdit

EtymologyEdit

Kanji in this term
以
い
Grade: 4
on’yomi

From Middle Chinese 以 (MC jɨX)

PrefixEdit

以(い) • (i-) 

  1. from (this reference point) and (more)
    以(い)後(ご) ― igo ― from now on
    その以(い)後(ご) ― sono igo ― from then on; since then
    この日(ひ)以(い)後(ご) ― kono hi igo ― from this day on; ever since this day
    • 2008 March 15, “ジャンク・ウォリアー [Junk Warrior]”, in STARTERスターター DECKデッキ, Konami:
      「ジャンク・シンクロン」＋チューナー以(い)外(がい)のモンスター１(いっ)体(たい)以(い)上(じょう)
      “Janku Shinkuron” purasu Chūnā igai no monsutā ittai ijō
      “Junk Synchron” plus 1 or more non-Tuner monsters
    • 2017 March 25, “リンク・スパイダー [Link Spider]”, in STARTERスターター DECKデッキ, Konami:
      通(つう)常(じょう)モンスター１(いっ)体(たい)
      ①：１(いっ)ターンに１(いち)度(ど)、自(じ)分(ぶん)メインフェイズに発(はつ)動(どう)できる。手(て)札(ふだ)からレベル４(よん)以(い)下(か)の通(つう)常(じょう)モンスター１(いっ)体(たい)をこのカードのリンク先(さき)に特(とく)殊(しゅ)召(しょう)喚(かん)する。
      Tsūjō Monsutā ittai
      Ichi: Ittān ni ichi-do, jibun Mein Feizu ni hatsudō dekiru. Tefuda kara Reberu Yon ika no Tsūjō Monsutā ittai o kono kādo no Rinku-saki ni Tokushu Shōkan suru.
      1 or more Normal Monsters
      1: Once per turn, can be activated during your Main Phase. Special Summons 1 Normal Monster of Level 4 or lower from your hand to where this card is linked to.
  2. by, with, by means of
    Synonym: …をもって (… o motte)

Usage notesEdit

  • An expression prefixed with 以 means "from this reference point, and more". It can only be translated upon contexts. The reference point can be understood as "now", "here", "this", or aforementioned.
    • 以(い)上(じょう) (ijō): "or more/higher/above"; literally "from this point, and anything more/higher/above"
    • 以(い)下(か) (ika): "or less/lower/below"; literally "from this point, and anything less/lower/below"
    • 以(い)内(ない) (inai): "within"; literally "from this range, and anything within"
    • 以(い)外(がい) (igai): "outside, other than"; literally "from this range, and anything outside"
    • 以(い)前(ぜん) (izen): "ago"; literally "from this point, and anything before"
    • 以(い)後(ご) (igo): "later; ever since"; literally "from this point, and anything later"

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

以 (eum 이 (i))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

以: Hán Nôm readings: dĩ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

ReferencesEdit

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