估

Translingual edit

Han character edit

估 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+5, 7 strokes, cangjie input 人十口 (OJR), four-corner 2426₀, composition ⿰亻古)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 96, character 17
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 467
Dae Jaweon: page 205, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 129, character 15
Unihan data for U+4F30

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.		估

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (古) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
箇	*kaːls
個	*kaːls
居	kɯ, kas
橭	kaː, kʰaː
嫴	*kaː
姑	*kaː
辜	*kaː
酤	kaː, kaːs, *ɡaːʔ
蛄	*kaː
鴣	*kaː
沽	kaː, kaːʔ, *kaːs
盬	kaː, kaːʔ
古	*kaːʔ
罟	*kaːʔ
估	*kaːʔ
鈷	*kaːʔ
詁	*kaːʔ
牯	*kaːʔ
故	*kaːs
固	*kaːs
稒	*kaːɡs
痼	*kaːɡs
錮	*kaːɡs
鯝	*kaːɡs
棝	*kaːɡs
凅	*kaːɡs
枯	*kʰaː
軲	*kʰaː
跍	*kʰaː
骷	*kʰaː
苦	kʰaːʔ, kʰaːs
葫	qʰaː, ɡaː
餬	*ɡaː
瑚	*ɡaː
湖	*ɡaː
鶘	*ɡaː
猢	*ɡaː
醐	*ɡaː
糊	*ɡaː
箶	*ɡaː
蝴	*ɡaː
胡	*ɡaː
瓳	*ɡaː
怙	*ɡaːʔ
祜	*ɡaːʔ
岵	*ɡaːʔ
婟	ɡaːʔ, ɡaːɡs
楛	*ɡaːʔ
据	*ka
裾	*ka
琚	*ka
椐	ka, kas, *kʰa
鶋	*ka
蜛	*ka
崌	*ka
涺	*ka
腒	ka, ɡa
鋸	*kas
倨	*kas
踞	*kas
涸	*ɡaːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kaːʔ): semantic 亻 + phonetic 古 (OC *kaːʔ).

Pronunciation 1 edit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): gū, gǔ (gu¹, gu³)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄨ, ㄍㄨˇ

(Chengdu, SP): gu³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): gu²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): gu²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kû
Min Dong (BUC): gū
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): kó͘

(Teochew, Peng'im): gou² / gou¹
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Shanghainese): ⁵ku

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gū
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gu
  - Wade–Giles: ku¹
  - Yale: gū
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gu
  - Palladius: гу (gu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, variant in Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gǔ
  - Wade–Giles: ku³
  - Yale: gǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: guu
  - Palladius: гу (gu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: gu³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: gu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gu²
  - Yale: gú
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gu²
  - Guangdong Romanization: gu²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kuː³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: gu²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku⁵⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kû
  - Hakka Romanization System: gu´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gu¹
  - Sinological IPA: /ku²⁴/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gū
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku³³/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘
  - Tâi-lô: kóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kor
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kɔ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kɔ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Jinjiang): /kɔ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gou² / gou¹
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: kóu / kou
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kou⁵²/, /kou³³/

Note: gou1 - alternative reading.

Wu
- (Shanghainese)
  - Wugniu: ⁵ku
  - Wiktionary Romanisation: ²ku
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ku³⁴/

Middle Chinese: kuX

Rime
Character	估
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	公戸切
Baxter	kuX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kuo^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kuo^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ko^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kɔ^X/
Li Rong	/ko^X/
Wang Li	/ku^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/kuo^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gǔ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gu²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*kaːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	估
Reading #	1/1
No.	4221
Phonetic component	古
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	古
Old Chinese	/*kaːʔ/

Definitions edit

估

to estimate (an amount, value, etc.)
高估 ― gāogū ― overestimate
(Cantonese) to guess
估都估到㗎啦！ [Cantonese, trad. and simp.]
gu² dou¹ gu² dou^3-2 gaa³ laa¹! [Jyutping]
Any fool could have guessed correctly!
(literary) price
(literary) merchant; businessperson

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 猜 (“to guess”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		猜, 猜測, 猜想
Mandarin	Beijing	猜
	Taiwan	猜
	Jinan	猜
	Xi'an	猜, 揣
	Wuhan	猜
	Chengdu	猜, 諳
	Guilin	猜
	Yangzhou	猜
	Hefei	猜
	Malaysia	猜
	Singapore	猜
Cantonese	Guangzhou	估, 猜
	Hong Kong	估
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	估
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	估
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	估
	Taishan	估
	Yangjiang	猜, 批
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	估
	Singapore (Guangfu)	估
Gan	Nanchang	猜
Hakka	Meixian	揣, 猜, 估
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	揣
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	揣
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	揣
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	揣
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	揣
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	臆
	Hong Kong	估
Jin	Taiyuan	猜
Min Bei	Jian'ou	估
Min Dong	Fuzhou	準, 猜
Min Nan	Xiamen	臆, 猜
	Quanzhou	臆
	Jinjiang	臆
	Shishi	臆
	Zhangzhou	臆, 猜
	Pinghe	臆
	Zhao'an	臆
	Taipei	猜, 臆
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	臆
	Kaohsiung	臆
	Yilan	猜, 臆
	Changhua (Lukang)	猜, 臆
	Taichung	臆
	Taichung (Wuqi)	臆
	Tainan	臆
	Taitung	臆
	Hsinchu	臆
	Kinmen	臆
	Penghu (Magong)	臆
	Penang (Hokkien)	猜, 阿甲
	Singapore (Hokkien)	臆, 猜
	Manila (Hokkien)	臆
	Chaozhou	臆, 猜
	Shantou	臆, 猜
	Singapore (Teochew)	猜
	Haikou	猜
	Singapore (Hainanese)	猜
Wu	Suzhou	猜
Wu	Wenzhou	猜
Xiang	Changsha	估, 猜
Xiang	Shuangfeng	估