Wiktionary

係

See also: 系
係 U+4FC2, 係
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4FC2
← 俁
[U+4FC1] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 促 →
[U+4FC3]

Translingual Edit

Japanese 係
Simplified 系
Traditional 係

Han character Edit

係 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+7, 9 strokes, cangjie input 人竹女火 (OHVF), four-corner 22293, composition ⿰亻系)

References Edit

  • KangXi: page 104, character 4
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 663
  • Dae Jaweon: page 220, character 4
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 164, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+4FC2

Chinese Edit

trad. 係
simp. 系*

Glyph origin Edit

Historical forms of the character 係
Shang Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
       
Small seal script
 

s05880

Transcribed ancient scripts
 

L20298

 

L35898

 

L35899

 

L35900

 

L35901

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (系) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
係 *keːɡs
系 *ɡeːɡs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *keːɡs): semantic 人 + phonetic 系 (OC *ɡeːɡs).

The simplified form 系 also exists as a traditional character, and is also used to simplify 繫. In ancient times, 系, 係, and 繫 were usually interchangeable graphic variants, although in some compounds, only one form is acceptable (e.g. 世系 and 繋辭／繋辞).

Pronunciation Edit

Rime
Character 係
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 齊 (39)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 古詣切
Baxter kejH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang 		/keiH/
Pan
Wuyun 		/keiH/
Shao
Rongfen 		/kɛiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank 		/kɛjH/
Li
Rong 		/keiH/
Wang
Li 		/kieiH/
Bernard
Karlgren 		/kieiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex 		jì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex 		gai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 係
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin) 		xì
Middle
Chinese 		‹ kejH ›
Old
Chinese 		/*kˁek-s/
English tie (v.)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 係
Reading # 1/1
No. 13426
Phonetic
component 		系
Rime
group 		賜
Rime
subdivision 		0
Corresponding
MC rime 		計
Old
Chinese 		/*keːɡs/

Definitions Edit

係

  1. to relate; to bear on
  2. to tie; to bind
  3. (formal or Cantonese, Hakka) to be (copula)
    其母係北京人。／其母系北京人。  ―  Qí mǔ xì Běijīngrén.  ―  His mother is a native of Beijing.
    烏龍茶係茶嘅一種。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, trad.]
    乌龙茶系茶嘅一种。 [Guangzhou Cantonese, simp.]
    wu1 lung4-2 caa4 hai6 caa4 ge3 jat1 zung2. [Jyutping]
    Oolong tea is a type of tea.
  4. (Cantonese, Hakka) yes (as answer to a question)

Usage notes Edit

  • (Cantonese) Not to be confused with 喺 (hai2).
  • (Cantonese, Hakka) 係／系 is used in vernacular contexts, while 是 (shì) is used in literary or formal contexts.

Synonyms Edit

Dialectal synonyms of 是 (“to be (+ noun)”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 惟, 為, 乃
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 是, 係
Mandarin Beijing 是
Taiwan 是
Tianjin 是
Jinan 是
Xi'an 是
Wuhan 是
Chengdu 是
Guilin 是
Yangzhou 是
Hefei 是
Malaysia 是
Singapore 是
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 是
Cantonese Guangzhou 係
Hong Kong 係
Macau 係
Zhongshan (Shiqi) 係
Taishan 係
Yangjiang 係
Maoming (Xinpo) 係
Wuchuan (Wuyang) 是
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 係
Penang (Guangfu) 係
Singapore (Guangfu) 係
Gan Nanchang 是
Hakka Meixian 係
Xingning 係
Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua) 係
Huidong (Daling) 係
Wuhua (Meilin) 係
Zijin 係
Shaoguan (Qujiang) 係
Lianshan (Xiaosanjiang) 係
Changting 係
Wuping 係
Wuping (Pingyu) 係
Liancheng 係
Ninghua 係
Yudu 係
Ruijin 係
Shicheng 係
Shangyou (Shexi) 係
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 係
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 係
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 係
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 係
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 係
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 係
Hong Kong 係
Kuching (Hepo) 係
Singapore (Dabu) 係
Jin Taiyuan 是
Min Bei Jian'ou 是
Min Dong Fuzhou 是
Singapore (Fuqing) 是
Min Nan Xiamen 是
Xiamen (Tong'an) 是
Quanzhou 是
Zhangzhou 是
Dongshan 是
Taipei 是
New Taipei (Sanxia) 是
Kaohsiung 是
Yilan 是
Changhua (Lukang) 是
Taichung 是
Tainan 是
Hsinchu 是
Kinmen 是
Penghu (Magong) 是
Penang (Hokkien) 是
Singapore (Hokkien) 是
Manila (Hokkien) 是
Datian 是
Chaozhou 是
Shantou 是
Shantou (Chaoyang) 是
Jieyang 是
Haifeng 是
Singapore (Teochew) 是
Wenchang 是
Qionghai 是
Singapore (Hainanese) 是
Puxian Min Putian 是
Xianyou 是, 正是
Wu Shanghai 是
Suzhou 是
Wenzhou 是
Xiang Changsha 是
Shuangfeng 是

Compounds Edit

Japanese Edit

Kanji Edit

係

(grade 3 “Kyōiku” kanji)

Readings Edit

Compounds Edit

Noun Edit

係(かかり) • (kakari) 

  1. person in charge; person responsible

Alternative forms Edit

Suffix Edit

係(がかり) • (-gakari) 

  1. person in charge; person responsible
    カメラ係(がかり)
    kamera-gakari
    cameraman
    撮(さつ)影(えい)係(がかり)
    satsuei-gakari
    photographer

Alternative forms Edit

Descendants Edit

  • → Indonesian: gakari

Korean Edit

Hanja Edit

係 (eumhun 맬 계 (mael gye))

  1. Hanja form? of 계 (“connection”).

Compounds Edit

Vietnamese Edit

Han character Edit

係: Hán Nôm readings: hệ, hể, hề, hễ

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References Edit

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