堡

Translingual edit

Han character edit

堡 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 人木土 (ODG), four-corner 2610₄, composition ⿱保土)

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 233, character 15
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5254
Dae Jaweon: page 470, character 31
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 464, character 13
Unihan data for U+5821

Chinese edit

trad.		堡
simp. ^#		堡
alternative forms		㙅堢𡋠𪧕葆

Glyph origin edit

Characters in the same phonetic series (保) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
襃	puː, puː
保	*puːʔ
堡	*puːʔ
褓	*puːʔ
堢	*puːʔ
緥	*puːʔ
葆	*puːʔ
賲	*puːʔ
宲	*puːʔ
椺	ɦmluːʔ, ɢʷeːɡs, *ɢeːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *puːʔ) : phonetic 保 (OC *puːʔ) + semantic 土.

Pronunciation 1 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bǎo (bao³)

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bou²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): pó
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): pó
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵pau

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bǎo
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bǎo
  - Wade–Giles: pao³
  - Yale: bǎu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bao
  - Palladius: бао (bao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bou²
  - Yale: bóu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bou²
  - Guangdong Romanization: bou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pou̯³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pó
  - Hakka Romanization System: bo`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: bo³
  - Sinological IPA: /po³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pó
  - Tâi-lô: pó
  - Phofsit Daibuun: poir
  - IPA (Xiamen): /po⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /po⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /po⁵³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /po⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pɤ⁴¹/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁵pau
  - MiniDict: pau^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²pau
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /pɔ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: pawX

Rime
Character	堡
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	幫 (1)
Final (韻)	豪 (89)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	博抱切
Baxter	pawX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/pɑu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/pɑu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/pɑu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/paw^X/
Li Rong	/pɑu^X/
Wang Li	/pɑu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/pɑu^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bǎo
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bou²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*puːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	堡
Reading #	1/1
No.	319
Phonetic component	保
Rime group	幽
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	寶
Old Chinese	/*puːʔ/
Notes	同堢，古作保

Definitions edit

堡

small camp; small mud fortification
fort; fortress
Short for 漢堡／汉堡 (hànbǎo, “hamburger”).

Usage notes edit

Often used in phono-semantic matchings to translate English and German -burg, or English -burgh, etc.
Some place names or surnames with the component Berg is also translated into 堡, but this is a result of confusion between Burg and Berg, with the latter meaning "mountain" instead of "castle". Nowadays Berg is usually transliterated as 貝格／贝格 or 伯格 except in few examples e.g. 紐倫堡／纽伦堡 (Niǔlúnbǎo, “Nuremberg”), 海德堡 (Hǎidébǎo, “Heidelberg”) and 海森堡 (Hǎisēnbǎo, “Heisenberg”).

Compounds edit

丘堡 (qiūbǎo)
伊斯坦堡 (Yīsītǎnbǎo)
匹茲堡／匹兹堡 (pǐzībǎo)
古堡
土木堡
城堡 (chéngbǎo)
堡塢／堡坞
堡壘／堡垒 (bǎolěi)
堡砦／堡寨
堡礁 (bǎojiāo)
安平古堡
布綸堡／布纶堡
愛丁堡／爱丁堡 (Àidīngbǎo)
托依堡勒迪 (Tuōyī Bǎolèdí)
橋頭堡／桥头堡 (qiáotóubǎo)
海德堡 (Hǎidébǎo)
漢堡／汉堡 (hànbǎo)
盧森堡／卢森堡 (Lúsēnbǎo)
碉堡 (diāobǎo)
空中堡壘／空中堡垒
空頭堡／空头堡
聖彼得堡／圣彼得堡 (Shèng Bǐdébǎo)
西臺古堡／西台古堡
關堡／关堡
馬德堡／马德堡

Pronunciation 2 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): bǔ, bǎo (bu³, bao³)

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄨˇ, ㄅㄠˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): bou²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bǔ
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄨˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bǔ
  - Wade–Giles: pu³
  - Yale: bǔ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: buu
  - Palladius: бу (bu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pu²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bǎo
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bǎo
  - Wade–Giles: pao³
  - Yale: bǎu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bao
  - Palladius: бао (bao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bou²
  - Yale: bóu
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bou²
  - Guangdong Romanization: bou²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pou̯³⁵/

Definitions edit

堡

(often in placenames) town or village with walls
吳堡／吴堡 ― Wúbǔ ― Wubu (county of Yulin, Shaanxi, China)

Compounds edit

吳堡／吴堡 (Wúbǔ)
堡子
柴溝堡／柴沟堡 (Cháigōubǔ)
紅寺堡／红寺堡 (Hóngsìbǔ, “Hongsibu”)

Pronunciation 3 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): pù, bǎo (pu⁴, bao³)

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄨˋ, ㄅㄠˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): pou³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: pù
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄨˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: pù
  - Wade–Giles: pʻu⁴
  - Yale: pù
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: puh
  - Palladius: пу (pu)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰu⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: bǎo
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bǎo
  - Wade–Giles: pao³
  - Yale: bǎu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bao
  - Palladius: бао (bao)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: pou³
  - Yale: pou
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pou³
  - Guangdong Romanization: pou³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰou̯³³/

Definitions edit

堡

Used in place names, as a variant of 鋪／铺／舖 (pù, “courier station”).
- 烏魯木齊地窩堡國際機場 [MSC, trad.]
  乌鲁木齐地窝堡国际机场 [MSC, simp.]
  Wūlǔmùqí Dìwōpù Guójì Jīchǎng [Pinyin]
  Ürümqi Diwopu International Airport

Compounds edit

三十里堡 (Sānshílǐpù)
十里堡 (Shílǐpù)

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

堡

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Readings edit

Go-on: ほ (ho)
Kan-on: ほう (hō)
Kun: とりで (toride)

Korean edit

Hanja edit

堡 • (bo) (hangeul 보, revised bo, McCune–Reischauer po)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese edit

Han character edit

堡: Hán Nôm readings: bảo

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.