壟

See also: 垄

壟 U+58DF, 壟 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58DF ← 壞 [U+58DE] CJK Unified Ideographs 壠 → [U+58E0]

壟 U+F942, 壟 CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-F942 ← 論 [U+F941] CJK Compatibility Ideographs 弄 → [U+F943]

Translingual

Han character

壟 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+16, 19 strokes, cangjie input 卜心土 (YPG), four-corner 0110₄, composition ⿱龍土)

References

• Kangxi Dictionary: page 242, character 5
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5591
• Dae Jaweon: page 482, character 1
• Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 500, character 4
• Unihan data for U+58DF

• Unihan data for U+F942

Chinese

trad.		壟
simp.		垄
alternative forms		壠／垅

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (龍) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 

	Old Chinese
驡	*ʔslaːŋʔ, *roŋ
龐	*broːŋ
瀧	*rroːŋ, *sroːŋ, *roːŋ
籠	*roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *roŋ
豅	*roːŋ
朧	*roːŋ, *roŋs
龓	*roːŋ, *roːŋʔ
聾	*roːŋ
礱	*roːŋ, *roːŋs
嚨	*roːŋ
蘢	*roːŋ, *roŋ
櫳	*roːŋ
襱	*roːŋ, *roːŋʔ, *r'oŋʔ
瓏	*roːŋ
曨	*roːŋ, *roːŋʔ
鸗	*roːŋ, *roŋ
蠪	*roːŋ
巃	*roːŋʔ
竉	*roːŋʔ
攏	*roːŋʔ
儱	*roːŋʔ, *roŋs
龍	*b·roŋ, *mroːŋ
躘	*roŋ, *roŋs
隴	*roŋʔ
壠	*roŋʔ
壟	*roŋʔ
寵	*r̥ʰoŋʔ
龏	*kloŋ, *kloŋs, *qroːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *roŋʔ) : phonetic 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ) + semantic 土 (“earth”).

Pronunciation

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): lǒng (long³)

  (Zhuyin): ㄌㄨㄥˇ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): lung⁵
• Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): liung¹ / lung³
• Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): lióng / lóng / lěng / lēng

---

• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Hanyu Pinyin: lǒng
    • Zhuyin: ㄌㄨㄥˇ
    • Tongyong Pinyin: lǒng
    • Wade–Giles: lung³
    • Yale: lǔng
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: loong
    • Palladius: лун (lun)
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ²¹⁴/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
    • Jyutping: lung⁵
    • Yale: lúhng
    • Cantonese Pinyin: lung⁵
    • Guangdong Romanization: lung⁵
    • Sinological IPA ^(key): /lʊŋ¹³/
• Hakka
  • (Meixian)
    • Guangdong: liung¹ / lung³
    • Sinological IPA: /liʊŋ⁴⁴/, /lʊŋ³¹/

Note:

• liung1 - vernacular;
• lung3 - literary.

• Southern Min
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lióng
    • Tâi-lô: lióng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: liorng
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /liɔŋ⁴¹/
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /liɔŋ⁵³/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lóng
    • Tâi-lô: lóng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: lorng
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /lɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /lɔŋ⁵³/
    • IPA (Kaohsiung): /lɔŋ⁴¹/
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lěng
    • Tâi-lô: lǐng
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /liɪŋ²²/
  • (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: lēng
    • Tâi-lô: līng
    • Phofsit Daibuun: leng
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /liɪŋ²²/

Note:

• lióng - literary;
• lěng/lēng - vernacular;
• lóng - vernacular (俗).

---

• Middle Chinese: ljowngX

Rime
Character	壟
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	來 (37)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	力踵切
Baxter	ljowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/lɨoŋX/
Pan Wuyun	/lioŋX/
Shao Rongfen	/lioŋX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/luawŋX/
Li Rong	/lioŋX/
Wang Li	/lĭwoŋX/
Bernard Karlgren	/li̯woŋX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	lǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	lung5

• Old Chinese

  (Zhengzhang): /*roŋʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壟
Reading #	1/1
No.	8444
Phonetic component	龍
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	隴
Old Chinese	/*roŋʔ/
Notes	壠注或體見方言

Definitions

壟

1. grave; mound
2. raised path between fields
3. ridge

Compounds

• 丘壟／丘垄
• 入壟／入垄
• 壟作／垄作
• 壟墓／垄墓
• 壟斷／垄断 (lǒngduàn)
• 壟斷市場／垄断市场
• 壟斷獨登／垄断独登
• 壟斷資本／垄断资本
• 壟溝／垄沟 (lǒnggōu)
• 壟畝之臣／垄亩之臣
• 後壟
• 瓦壟／瓦垄 (wǎlǒng)
• 瓦壟子／瓦垄子
• 登壟／登垄
• 輟耕壟上／辍耕垄上

 

Japanese

Kanji

壟

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

1. mound
2. grave
3. rice field dike

Readings

• Go-on: る (ru)
• Kan-on: りょう (ryō)
• Kan’yō-on: ろう (rō)
• Kun: うね (une, 壟); おか (oka, 壟); つか (tsuka, 壟)

Korean

Hanja

壟 • (rong) (hangeul 롱, revised rong, McCune–Reischauer rong)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

壟: Hán Nôm readings: lũng

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.