See also:

U+5B78, 學
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B78

[U+5B77]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+5B79]

Translingual edit

Japanese
Simplified
Traditional
Stroke order
 
Stroke order
(alternative)
 

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 39, +13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 竹月弓木 (HBND), four-corner 77407, composition 𦥯)

Derived characters edit

Related characters edit

Further reading edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 280, character 28
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 7033
  • Dae Jaweon: page 549, character 27
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1019, character 11
  • Unihan data for U+5B78

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character
Shang Western Zhou Warring States Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script Bronze inscriptions Bronze inscriptions Chu slip and silk script Qin slip script Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
             

Ideogrammic compound (會意会意): abbreviated (to teach) + 𦥑 (mingling hands; hands-on learning) + (house; roofed building) – a child learns in a roofed place. See for more.

In the modern form, 宀 has corrupted to (“cover”), and the hands 𦥑 around the have become connected with the roof 冖 on top of the child . Ancient forms include and , which preserve more of . Shuowen regards 𦥑 as the phonetic component in the character, which may be true according to some Old Chinese reconstructions such as that of Pan Wuyun's, though probably not others.

The earliest oracle bone script forms may be a phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *ɡruːɡ): semantic + phonetic (OC *ruɡ).

Etymology 1 edit

trad.
simp. *
alternative forms

May be an endopassive derivation of (OC *kruːɡs, *kruːɡ, “to awake, get insight”). Ultimately from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *kruk (to rouse; to awaken; to disturb).

Pronunciation edit


Note:
  • ò̤ - vernacular;
  • hă - literary.
  • Eastern Min
  • Note:
    • ŏ̤h - vernacular;
    • hŏk - literary.
  • Southern Min
  • Note:
    • o̍h - vernacular;
    • ha̍k - literary.
    Note:
    • oh8 - vernacular;
    • hag8 - literary.
  • Wu
  • Note:
    • 8ghoq - vernacular;
    • 8yaq (Shanghainese), 8yoq (Suzhounese) - literary.
  • Xiang

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /ɕyɛ³⁵/
    Harbin /ɕiau²⁴/
    /ɕyɛ²⁴/
    Tianjin /ɕiɑu⁴⁵/
    /ɕye⁴⁵/
    Jinan /ɕyə⁴²/
    Qingdao /ɕyə⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ɕyo⁴²/
    Xi'an /ɕyo²⁴/
    Xining /ɕyu²⁴/
    Yinchuan /ɕye¹³/
    /ɕye⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ɕyə⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ɕyɤ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /ɕio²¹³/
    Chengdu /ɕyo³¹/
    Guiyang /ɕio²¹/
    Kunming /ɕio³¹/
    Nanjing /ɕioʔ⁵/
    Hefei /ɕyɐʔ⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /ɕyəʔ⁵⁴/
    Pingyao /ɕiʌʔ⁵³/
    Hohhot /ɕyaʔ⁴³/ ~习
    /ɕiɔ³¹/ ~话
    Wu Shanghai /ɦoʔ¹/
    /ɦiaʔ¹/
    Suzhou /ɦioʔ³/
    /ɦoʔ³/
    Hangzhou /ɦiɑʔ²/
    Wenzhou /ɦo²¹³/
    Hui Shexian /ɕiɔ²²/
    /xɔ²²/
    Tunxi /xo¹¹/
    Xiang Changsha /ɕio²⁴/
    Xiangtan /ɕio²⁴/
    Gan Nanchang /hɔʔ²/
    Hakka Meixian /hok̚⁵/
    Taoyuan /hok̚⁵⁵/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔk̚²/
    Nanning /hɔk̚²²/
    Hong Kong /hɔk̚²/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hak̚⁵/
    /oʔ⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /houʔ⁵/
    /oʔ⁵/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xa²⁴/
    /ɔ⁴²/
    Shantou (Teochew) /hak̚⁵/
    /oʔ⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /hiɔk̚⁵/
    /o³³/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (33)
    Final () (10)
    Tone (調) Checked (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () II
    Fanqie
    Baxter haewk
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /ɦˠʌk̚/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /ɦᵚɔk̚/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /ɣɔk̚/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /ɦaɨwk̚/
    Li
    Rong
    /ɣɔk̚/
    Wang
    Li
    /ɣɔk̚/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /ɣɔk̚/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    xué
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    hok6
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    xué
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ hæwk ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*m-kˁruk/
    English study; imitate

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 14079
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    1
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*ɡruːɡ/
    Notes

    Definitions edit

    1. to comprehend; to realise; to understand
    2. (transitive) to learn; to study
        ―  xué  ―  to study; to learn
      打算攝影打算摄影  ―  Wǒ dǎsuàn xué shèyǐng.  ―  I plan to learn photography.
      父母親希望但是願意 [MSC, trad.]
      父母亲希望但是愿意 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ fùmǔqīn xīwàng wǒ xué yī, dànshì wǒ bù yuànyì. [Pinyin]
      My parents hoped I would study medicine, but I didn't want to.
      老師唔該 [Cantonese, trad.]
      老师唔该 [Cantonese, simp.]
      lou5 si1 giu3 gik6 keoi5 dou1 m4 hang2 hok6 gong2 m4 goi1. [Jyutping]
      He refuses to learn to say thank you, even though his teacher asked him many times.
    3. to imitate; to copy; to mimic
      鸚鵡鹦鹉  ―  Yīngwǔ xué rén yǔ.  ―  Parrots imitate human speech.
      妹妹什麼 [MSC, trad.]
      妹妹什么 [MSC, simp.]
      Wǒ mèimèi shénme dōu xué wǒ. [Pinyin]
      My little sister likes to copy everything I do.
      人哋食飯 [Cantonese, trad.]
      人哋食饭 [Cantonese, simp.]
      hok6 jan4 dei6 jung6 caa1 sik6 faan6 [Jyutping]
      imitate others and use a fork to eat
    4. school
        ―  shàngxué  ―  to go to school
        ―  xiǎoxué  ―  primary school
        ―  xuéfèi  ―  school fees
    5. learning; knowledge
        ―  qiúxué  ―  to seek knowledge
      才疏才疏  ―  cáishūxuéqiǎn  ―  to be of humble talent and shallow learning
    6. theory; doctrine
        ―  xué  ―  Confucianism
    7. subject; branch of learning; science; -ology
        ―  huàxué  ―  chemistry
      生物生物  ―  shēngwùxué  ―  biology
        ―  zhéxué  ―  philosophy
    8. (Cantonese) like; as
      話齋话斋 [Cantonese]  ―  hok6 keoi5 waa6 zaai1 [Jyutping]  ―  as he said
    Synonyms edit

    Compounds edit

    Descendants edit

    Sino-Xenic ():
    • Japanese: (がく) (gaku); (かく) (kaku)
    • Okinawan: (がく) (gaku)
    • Korean: 학(學) (hak)
    • Jeju: ᄒᆞᆨ (hawk)
    • Vietnamese: học ()

    Etymology 2 edit

    trad.
    simp. *

    Pronunciation edit


    Definitions edit

    1. (obsolete) Alternative form of (xiào, to teach; to instruct; to train)

    Etymology 3 edit

    trad.
    simp. *

    Pronunciation edit


    Definitions edit

    1. Used in 學鳩学鸠.

    References edit

    Japanese edit

    Shinjitai

    Kyūjitai

    Kanji edit

    (uncommon “Hyōgai” kanjikyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form )

    1. Kyūjitai form of
    2. learning, knowledge, school

    Readings edit

    Korean edit

    Etymology edit

    From Middle Chinese (MC haewk).

    Historical Readings
    Dongguk Jeongun Reading
    Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 ᅘᅡᆨ〮 (Yale: hhák)
    Middle Korean
    Text Eumhun
    Gloss (hun) Reading
    Hunmong Jahoe, 1527[2] ᄇᆡ홀 (Yale: poyhwol) ᄒᆞᆨ (Yale: hok)

    Pronunciation edit

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (eumhun 배울 (bae'ul hak))

    1. Hanja form? of (to learn, to study; to be taught). [affix]
    2. Hanja form? of (-logy, -ics, -graphy, study of...). [suffix]

    Compounds edit

    References edit

    • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전/電子字典. [3]

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Việt readings: học[1][2][3][4][5]
    : Nôm readings: học[1][2][3][4][6], hục[3]

    1. chữ Hán form of học (to learn, to study).
    2. chữ Hán form of học ((suffix) subject; branch of learning; -ology).

    Compounds edit

    References edit