患

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

患 (radical 61, 心+7, 11 strokes, cangjie input 中中心 (LLP), four-corner 5033₆, composition ⿱串心)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 388, character 16
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 10691
Dae Jaweon: page 721, character 8
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2300, character 9
Unihan data for U+60A3

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		患
alternative forms		𢠶𢤒

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (患) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
漶	*ɡoːns
贃	*qroːns
患	*ɡroːns
槵	*ɡroːns

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ɡroːns): phonetic 串 (OC *kroːns, *kʰjons) + semantic 心 (“heart”).

Since Shuowen does not have the character 串, it interprets the character as phonetic 吅 (OC *qʰon, *sqʰon, *sɢoŋs) + semantic 丨 + semantic 心 (“heart”) – to pierce through something from the heart. Duan Yucai claims in his commentary that older copies of Shuowen actually have phonetic 毌 (OC *koːn, *koːns, “to pierce through”) + semantic 心 (“heart”) instead.

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): huàn (huan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄏㄨㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): waan⁶
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): fam

(Meixian, Guangdong): fam⁴
Min Bei (KCR): hūing
Min Dong (BUC): huâng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): hoān

(Teochew, Peng'im): huam⁶ / huang⁶

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Pinyin: huàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄏㄨㄢˋ
  - Wade–Giles: huan⁴
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: huann
  - Tongyong Pinyin: huàn
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xwän⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: waan⁶
  - Yale: waahn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: waan⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: wan⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /wäːn²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: fam
  - Hakka Romanization System: fam
  - Hagfa Pinyim: fam⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fam⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: fam⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /fam⁵³/
Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hūing
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xuiŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: huâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huɑŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hoān
  - Tâi-lô: huān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hoan
  - IPA (Xiamen): /huan²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /huan⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /huan²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /huan³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /huan³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: huam⁶ / huang⁶
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: huăm / huăng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /huam³⁵/, /huaŋ³⁵/

Note:

huam6 - Chaozhou;
huang6 - Shantou.

Middle Chinese: /ɦˠuan^H/

Rime
Character	患
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	刪 (70)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Closed
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	胡慣切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠuan^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦʷᵚan^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣuɐn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦwaɨn^H/
Li Rong	/ɣuan^H/
Wang Li	/ɣwan^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣwan^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	huàn

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ˤro[n]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡroːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	患
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	huàn
Middle Chinese	‹ hwæn^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ˁro[n]-s/
English	calamity; distress
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	患
Reading #	1/1
No.	5364
Phonetic component	患
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	患
Old Chinese	/*ɡroːns/
Notes	本從串（毌）聲