書く
Japanese edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 書 |
| か Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Glyph origin edit
Orthographic borrowing from Literary Chinese 書 (shū, “to write”).
Etymology edit
From Old Japanese, ultimately from Proto-Japonic *kaku (“to scratch”).
First attested in the Kojiki of 712 CE.[1]
Cognate with 掻く (kaku, “to scratch”) (letters were originally scratched or carved into wood in order to write).
Pronunciation edit
- Tokyo pitch accent of conjugated forms of "書く"
| Source: Online Japanese Accent Dictionary | |||
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Terminal (終止形) Attributive (連体形) |
書く | かく | [káꜜkù] |
| Imperative (命令形) | 書け | かけ | [káꜜkè] |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 書かれる | かかれる | [kàkáréꜜrù] |
| Causative | 書かせる | かかせる | [kàkáséꜜrù] |
| Potential | 書ける | かける | [kàkéꜜrù] |
| Volitional | 書こう | かこー | [kàkóꜜò] |
| Negative | 書かない | かかない | [kàkáꜜnàì] |
| Negative perfective | 書かなかった | かかなかった | [kàkáꜜnàkàttà] |
| Formal | 書きます | かきます | [kàkímáꜜsù] |
| Perfective | 書いた | かいた | [káꜜìtà] |
| Conjunctive | 書いて | かいて | [káꜜìtè] |
| Hypothetical conditional | 書けば | かけば | [káꜜkèbà] |
Verb edit
書く • (kaku) transitive godan (stem 書き (kaki), past 書いた (kaita))
- to write; to record (words, figures) on the surface of (something)
- 昨日陳さんは図書館でレポートを書いていました。
- Kinō Chen-san wa toshokan de repōto o kaite imashita.
- Mr. Chen was writing a report at the library yesterday.
- 昨日陳さんは図書館でレポートを書いていました。
- to compose; to put (an idea, etc) into words
Conjugation edit
Conjugation of "書く" (See Appendix:Japanese verbs.)
| Katsuyōkei ("stem forms") | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Mizenkei ("imperfective") | 書か | かか | kaka |
| Ren’yōkei ("continuative") | 書き | かき | kaki |
| Shūshikei ("terminal") | 書く | かく | kaku |
| Rentaikei ("attributive") | 書く | かく | kaku |
| Kateikei ("hypothetical") | 書け | かけ | kake |
| Meireikei ("imperative") | 書け | かけ | kake |
| Key constructions | |||
| Passive | 書かれる | かかれる | kakareru |
| Causative | 書かせる 書かす |
かかせる かかす |
kakaseru kakasu |
| Potential | 書ける | かける | kakeru |
| Volitional | 書こう | かこう | kakō |
| Negative | 書かない | かかない | kakanai |
| Negative continuative | 書かず | かかず | kakazu |
| Formal | 書きます | かきます | kakimasu |
| Perfective | 書いた | かいた | kaita |
| Conjunctive | 書いて | かいて | kaite |
| Hypothetical conditional | 書けば | かけば | kakeba |
| Stem forms | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Irrealis (未然形) | 書か | かか | kaka |
| Continuative (連用形) | 書き | かき | kaki |
| Terminal (終止形) | 書く | かく | kaku |
| Attributive (連体形) | 書く | かく | kaku |
| Realis (已然形) | 書け | かけ | kake |
| Imperative (命令形) | 書け | かけ | kake |
| Key constructions | |||
| Negative | 書かず | かかず | kakazu |
| Contrasting conjunction | 書けど | かけど | kakedo |
| Causal conjunction | 書けば | かけば | kakeba |
| Conditional conjunction | 書かば | かかば | kakaba |
| Past tense (firsthand knowledge) | 書きき | かきき | kakiki |
| Past tense (secondhand knowledge) | 書きけり | かきけり | kakikeri |
| Perfect tense (conscious action) | 書きつ | かきつ | kakitu |
| Perfect tense (natural event) | 書きぬ | かきぬ | kakinu |
| Perfect-continuative tense | 書けり 書きたり |
かけり かきたり |
kakeri kakitari |
| Volitional | 書かむ | かかむ | kakamu |
Derived terms edit
Related terms edit
References edit
- ^ “書・描”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”)[1] (in Japanese), concise edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000
- ^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
- 2002, Ineko Kondō; Fumi Takano; Mary E Althaus; et. al., Shogakukan Progressive Japanese-English Dictionary, Third Edition, Tokyo: Shōgakukan, →ISBN.