杜

杜 U+675C, 杜 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-675C ← 杛 [U+675B] CJK Unified Ideographs 杝 → [U+675D]

Contents

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

杜 (radical 75, 木+3, 7 strokes, cangjie input 木土 (DG), four-corner 4491₀, composition ⿰木土)

ReferencesEdit

• KangXi: page 512, character 9
• Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 14477
• Dae Jaweon: page 897, character 10
• Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 2, page 1157, character 2
• Unihan data for U+675C

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ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		杜

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (土) (Zhengzhang, 2003)
	Old Chinese
社	*ɦljaːʔ
肚	*ʔl'aːʔ, *l'aːʔ
土	*l̥ʰaːʔ, *l'aːʔ
吐	*l̥ʰaːʔ, *l̥ʰaːs
芏	*l̥ʰaːʔ
杜	*l'aːʔ
靯	*l'aːʔ
荰	*l'aːʔ

PronunciationEdit

• Mandarin

  (Pinyin): dù (du⁴)

  (Zhuyin): ㄉㄨˋ

• Cantonese (Jyutping): dou⁶
• Min Nan (POJ): tǒ͘ / tō͘

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• Mandarin
  • (Standard Chinese)⁺
    • Pinyin: dù
    • Zhuyin: ㄉㄨˋ
    • Wade–Giles: tu⁴
    • Gwoyeu Romatzyh: duh
    • IPA ^(key): /tu⁵¹/
• Cantonese
  • (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
    • Jyutping: dou⁶
    • Yale: douh
    • Cantonese Pinyin: dou⁶
    • Guangdong Romanization: dou⁶
    • IPA ^(key): /tou̯²²/
• Min Nan
  • (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tǒ͘
    • Tâi-lô: tǒo
    • IPA (Quanzhou): /tɔ²²/
  • (Hokkien: mainstream Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
    • Pe̍h-ōe-jī: tō͘
    • Tâi-lô: tōo
    • Phofsit Daibuun: do
    • IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /tɔ²²/
    • IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /tɔ³³/

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• Dialectal data▼

Variety	Location	edit 杜
Mandarin	Beijing	/tu⁵¹/
	Harbin	/tu⁵³/
	Tianjin	/tu⁵³/
	Jinan	/tu²/
	Qingdao	/tu⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/tu³¹²/
	Xi'an	/tu⁴⁴/
	Xining	/tv̩²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/tu¹³/
	Lanzhou	/tu¹³/
	Ürümqi	/tu²¹³/
	Wuhan	/təu³⁵/
	Chengdu	/tu¹³/
	Guiyang	/tu²¹³/
	Kunming	/tu²¹²/
	Nanjing	/tu⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/tu⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/tu⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/tu³⁵/
	Hohhot	/tu⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/zo²³/
	Suzhou	/dəu³¹/
	Hangzhou	/du¹³/
	Wenzhou	/døy³⁵/
Hui	Shexian	/tʰu²²/
	Tunxi	/təu²⁴/
Xiang	Changsha	/təu⁵⁵/ /təu¹¹/
	Xiangtan	/təɯ⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/tʰu²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/tʰu⁵³/
	Taoyuan
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/tou²²/
	Nanning	/tu²²/
	Hong Kong	/tou²²/
Min	Xiamen (Min Nan)	/tɔ²²/
	Fuzhou (Min Dong)	/tou²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Min Bei)	/tu⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Min Nan)	/tou³⁵/
	Haikou (Min Nan)	/ʔdu³³/ ～絕 /ʔdu³⁵/ 姓

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• Middle Chinese: /duo^X/▼

Rime
Character	杜
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	定 (7)
Final (韻)	模 (23)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	徒古切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/duoX/
Pan Wuyun	/duoX/
Shao Rongfen	/doX/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/dɔX/
Li Rong	/doX/
Wang Li	/duX/
Bernard Karlgren	/dʱuoX/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	dù

• Old Chinese▼

  (Zhengzhang): /*l'aːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	杜
Reading #	1/1
No.	12505
Phonetic component	土
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	杜
Old Chinese	/*l'aːʔ/

DefinitionsEdit

杜

1. birch-leaved pear (Pyrus betulifolia)
2. acerb
3. root
4. to sever
5. to reject; to stop; to prevent; to restrict
6. to flush
7. wide
8. Asarum forbesii
9. a state in modern Shaanxi
10. A surname​.

CompoundsEdit

• 召父杜母
• 小杜
• 慎防杜漸／慎防杜渐
• 憑空杜撰／凭空杜撰
• 房杜姚宋
• 房謀杜斷／房谋杜断
• 有杕之杜
• 李杜 (Lǐ-Dù)
• 杕杜
• 杜口 (dùkǒu)
• 杜口吞聲／杜口吞声
• 杜口無言／杜口无言
• 杜口結舌／杜口结舌
• 杜口絕舌／杜口绝舌
• 杜口絕言／杜口绝言
• 杜口裹足
• 杜塞
• 杜宇 (dùyǔ)
• 杜山 (Dùshān)

• 杜工部
• 杜康 (dùkāng)
• 杜弊
• 杜微慎防
• 杜撰 (dùzhuàn)
• 杜漸防微／杜渐防微
• 杜漸防萌／杜渐防萌
• 杜漸除微／杜渐除微
• 杜皮 (Dùpí)
• 杜絕／杜绝 (dùjué)
• 杜絕後患／杜绝后患
• 杜茅柴
• 杜蘅
• 杜諫／杜谏
• 杜郵之戮／杜邮之戮
• 杜門／杜门
• 杜門不出／杜门不出
• 杜門卻掃／杜门却扫
• 杜門屏跡／杜门屏迹

• 杜門晦跡／杜门晦迹
• 杜門株守／杜门株守
• 杜門自絕／杜门自绝
• 杜門謝客／杜门谢客
• 杜陵 (Dùlíng)
• 杜鵑／杜鹃 (dùjuān)
• 杜鵑啼血／杜鹃啼血
• 杜鵑窩／杜鹃窝
• 杜鵑花／杜鹃花 (dùjuānhuā)
• 柅杜
• 結舌杜口／结舌杜口
• 老杜
• 臺灣杜鵑／台湾杜鹃
• 萬那杜／万那杜 (Wànnàdù)
• 蘅杜
• 防微杜漸／防微杜渐
• 防萌杜漸／防萌杜渐
• 韋杜／韦杜

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JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

杜

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

1. careless
2. woods; grove
3. Chinese family name "Du"

ReadingsEdit

• Goon: ず (zu)
• Kan’on: と (to)
• Kun: もり (mori, 杜); ふさぐ (fusagu, 杜ぐ); やまなし (yamanashi, 杜)

CompoundsEdit

• 杜 (ず)撰 (さん) (zusan): careless, slipshod, faulty
• 杜 (ね)松 (ず) (nezu)
• 杜 (と)氏 (じ) (toji): chief brewer at a sake brewery
• 杜 (ず)漏 (ろう) (zurō): careless, negligent
• 杜絶 (とぜつ) (tozetsu), 途絶 (とぜつ) (tozetsu): stoppage; interruption; cessation; suspension
• 杜若 (かきつばた) (kakitsubata)

Derived termsEdit

• 杜撰脱漏 (ずさんだつろう) (zusandatsurō): careless (slipshod) and with many omissions
• 杜 (もり)の都 (みやこ) (mori no miyako): lit. City of Trees. Nickname for Sendai, Japan
• 鎮 (ちん)守 (じゅ)の杜 (もり) (chinju no mori): grove of the village shrine

SynonymsEdit

• 森 (もり) (mori)
• 途 (と) (to)

Usage notesEdit

杜 is included in a planned expansion of the general use Jōyō kanji by the Japanese government.

• The Japan Times (October 21, 2009). Get set for next year's overhaul of joyo kanji. Accessed February 23, 2010.

NounEdit

杜 (hiragana やまなし, rōmaji yamanashi)

1. Wild Japanese pear or mountain pear

Proper nounEdit

杜 (hiragana と, rōmaji To)

1. Du Fu, Chinese poet

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KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

杜 • (du) (hangeul 두, revised du, McCune–Reischauer tu, Yale twu)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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VietnameseEdit

Han characterEdit

杜 (đỗ, đậu, đỏ, đổ, đuã)

1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.