績

See also: 绩

績	U+7E3E, 績 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-7E3E

← 總
[U+7E3D]

CJK Unified Ideographs

縿 →
[U+7E3F]

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

績 (Kangxi radical 120, 糸+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 女火手一金 (VFQMC), four-corner 2598₆, composition ⿰糹責)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 936, character 23
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 27845
Dae Jaweon: page 1376, character 1
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3441, character 1
Unihan data for U+7E3E

ChineseEdit

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (朿) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
債	ʔsreːɡs, ʔsreːɡ
積	ʔseɡs, ʔseɡ
刺	sʰeɡs, sʰeɡ
莿	sʰeːɡs, raːds
刾	*sʰeɡs
朿	*sʰeɡs
漬	*zeɡs
耫	zraːd, zreːɡ
嘖	ʔsraːɡ, ʔsreːɡ, *zreːɡ
梀	sreːɡ, sʰloːɡ, sloːɡ, l̥ʰoɡ
捒	sreːɡ, sroɡs, *sroɡs
幘	*ʔsreːɡ
簀	*ʔsreːɡ
嫧	ʔsreːɡ, sʰreːɡ, *sʰeɡ
謮	*ʔsreːɡ
責	*ʔsreːɡ
皟	*sʰreːɡ
憡	*sʰreːɡ
策	*sʰreːɡ
筴	sʰreːɡ, kreːb, *keːb
拺	sʰreːɡ, sreːɡ
賾	*zreːɡ
鰿	zreːɡ, ʔseɡ
擌	*sreːɡ
蹟	*ʔseɡ
襀	*ʔseɡ
磧	*sʰeɡ
洓	*sʰeɡ
績	*ʔseːɡ
勣	*ʔseːɡ
樍	*ʔseːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *ʔseːɡ): semantic 糸 (“thread”) + phonetic 責 (OC *ʔsreːɡ) – to spin thread.

Etymology 1Edit

trad.		績
simp.		绩
alternative forms		勣／𪟝

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): jì, jī

(Zhuyin): ㄐㄧˋ, ㄐㄧ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zik¹, zek³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): chit

(Meixian, Guangdong): jid⁵
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): chek / chiak / chit / cheh

(Teochew, Peng'im): zêh⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, Mainland)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jì
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: jì
  - Wade–Giles: chi⁴
  - Yale: jì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: jih
  - Palladius: цзи (czi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵¹/
- (Standard Chinese, Taiwan)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: jī
  - Zhuyin: ㄐㄧ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: ji
  - Wade–Giles: chi¹
  - Yale: jī
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: ji
  - Palladius: цзи (czi)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕi⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: zik¹, zek³
  - Yale: jīk, jek
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzik⁷, dzek⁸
  - Guangdong Romanization: jig¹, zég³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sɪk̚⁵/, /t͡sɛːk̚³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: chit
  - Hakka Romanization System: jid`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: jid⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕit̚²/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: jid⁵
  - Sinological IPA: /t͡ɕit̚¹/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chek
  - Tâi-lô: tsik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zeg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /t͡ɕiɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiak
  - Tâi-lô: tsiak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕiak̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chit
  - Tâi-lô: tsit
  - Phofsit Daibuun: cid
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /t͡ɕit̚⁵/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: cheh
  - Tâi-lô: tseh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: zeq
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung, Xiamen): /t͡seʔ³²/

Note:

chek/chiak — literary ("achievement");
chit — common variant (俗);
cheh — vernacular ("to spin into thread").

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: zêh⁴
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: tseh
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡seʔ²/

Middle Chinese: /t͡sek̚/

Rime
Character	績
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	精 (13)
Final (韻)	青 (127)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	則歷切
Baxter	tsek
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/t͡sek̚/
Pan Wuyun	/t͡sek̚/
Shao Rongfen	/t͡sɛk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/t͡sɛjk̚/
Li Rong	/t͡sek̚/
Wang Li	/t͡siek̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/t͡siek̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	ji
Expected Cantonese Reflex	zik¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ts]ˤek/

(Zhengzhang): /*ʔseːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	績	績
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	jī	jì
Middle Chinese	‹ tsek ›	‹ tsek ›
Old Chinese	/*[ts]ˁek/	/*[ts]ˁek/
English	twist, spin	achieve; achievement
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.