臆

Translingual edit

Han character edit

臆 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+13, 17 strokes, cangjie input 月卜廿心 (BYTP), four-corner 7023₆, composition ⿰月意(GJK) or ⿰⺼意(HTV))

Derived characters edit

𡄯

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 996, character 14
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29951
Dae Jaweon: page 1447, character 16
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2118, character 3
Unihan data for U+81C6

Chinese edit

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 臆
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (意) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
噫	qrɯːɡs, qɯ
譩	qɯ, qɯʔ, *qɯl
醷	qɯʔ, qɯɡ
意	*qɯɡs
鷾	*qɯɡs
憶	*qɯɡ
億	*qɯɡ
臆	*qɯɡ
繶	*qɯɡ
澺	*qɯɡ
薏	*qɯɡ
檍	*qɯɡ
癔	*qɯɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qɯɡ) : semantic 肉 (“body”) + phonetic 意 (OC *qɯɡs).

Etymology 1 edit

trad.		臆
simp. ^#		臆
2nd round simp.		肊
alternative forms		𩪣𩪙

Compare Proto-Tai *ʔɤkᴰ (“chest”), whence Thai อก (òk). Cognate with 意 (OC *qɯɡs, “mind”) and 憶 (OC *qɯɡ, “to remember”).

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yì (yi⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jik¹
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ek / iak

(Teochew, Peng'im): êg⁸ / êg⁴
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵i

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yì
  - Zhuyin: ㄧˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yì
  - Wade–Giles: i⁴
  - Yale: yì
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yih
  - Palladius: и (i)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /i⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jik¹
  - Yale: yīk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jik⁷
  - Guangdong Romanization: yig¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɪk̚⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ek
  - Tâi-lô: ik
  - Phofsit Daibuun: eg
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /iɪk̚³²/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iak
  - Tâi-lô: iak
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iag
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iak̚⁵/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: êg⁸ / êg⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: e̍k / ek
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ek̚⁴/, /ek̚²/

Note:

êg8 - Chaozhou;
êg4 - Shantou.

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁵i
  - MiniDict: i^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²i
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /i³⁴/

Middle Chinese: 'ik

Rime
Character	臆
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	蒸 (134)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	於力切
Baxter	'ik
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔɨk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔiek̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔik̚/
Li Rong	/ʔiək̚/
Wang Li	/ĭək̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯ək̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yi
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jik¹

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*ʔ(r)ək/

(Zhengzhang): /*qɯɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	臆
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yì
Middle Chinese	‹ ʔik ›
Old Chinese	/*ʔ(r)ək/
English	bosom
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	臆
Reading #	1/1
No.	15158
Phonetic component	意
Rime group	職
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	憶
Old Chinese	/*qɯɡ/

Definitions edit

臆

chest; breast; bosom
thought

Compounds edit

傾吐胸臆／倾吐胸臆
直抒胸臆
胸臆 (xiōngyì)
臆度
臆想 (yìxiǎng)
臆想狂
臆想症
臆斷／臆断
臆測／臆测 (yìcè)
臆見／臆见 (yìjiàn)
臆造 (yìzào)

Etymology 2 edit

trad.		臆
simp. ^#		臆
alternative forms		約／约億／亿憶／忆猜

Pronunciation edit

Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): ioh / ip

(Teochew, Peng'im): iêh⁴ / ioh⁴

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Taichung, Hsinchu, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong, Jinjiang, Philippines, Singapore)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ioh
  - Tâi-lô: ioh
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ioiq
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei, Kinmen, Singapore): /ioʔ³²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou, Lukang, Jinjiang, Philippines): /ioʔ⁵/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung, Tainan): /iɤʔ³²/
  - IPA (Yilan): /ioʔ²/
- (Hokkien: Sanxia)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: ip
  - Tâi-lô: ip
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ib
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: iêh⁴ / ioh⁴
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: ieh / ioh
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ieʔ²/, /ioʔ²/

Note:

iêh4 - Chaozhou;
ioh4 - Shantou.

Definitions edit

臆

(Southern Min) to guess
(Zhangzhou Hokkien) to purchase objects by quantity and not by weight

Synonyms edit

Dialectal synonyms of 猜 (“to guess”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		猜, 猜測, 猜想
Mandarin	Beijing	猜
	Taiwan	猜
	Jinan	猜
	Xi'an	猜, 揣
	Wuhan	猜
	Chengdu	猜, 諳
	Guilin	猜
	Yangzhou	猜
	Hefei	猜
	Malaysia	猜
	Singapore	猜
Cantonese	Guangzhou	估, 猜
	Hong Kong	估
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	估
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	估
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	估
	Taishan	估
	Yangjiang	猜, 批
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	估
	Singapore (Guangfu)	估
Gan	Nanchang	猜
Hakka	Meixian	揣, 猜, 估
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	揣
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	揣
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	揣
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	揣
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	揣
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	臆
	Hong Kong	估
Jin	Taiyuan	猜
Northern Min	Jian'ou	估
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	準, 猜
Southern Min	Xiamen	臆, 猜
	Quanzhou	臆
	Jinjiang	臆
	Shishi	臆
	Zhangzhou	臆, 猜
	Pinghe	臆
	Zhao'an	臆
	Taipei	猜, 臆
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	臆
	Kaohsiung	臆
	Yilan	猜, 臆
	Changhua (Lukang)	猜, 臆
	Taichung	臆
	Taichung (Wuqi)	臆
	Tainan	臆
	Taitung	臆
	Hsinchu	臆
	Kinmen	臆
	Penghu (Magong)	臆
	Penang (Hokkien)	猜, 阿甲
	Singapore (Hokkien)	臆, 猜
	Manila (Hokkien)	臆
	Chaozhou	臆, 猜
	Shantou	臆, 猜
	Singapore (Teochew)	猜
	Haikou	猜
	Singapore (Hainanese)	猜
Wu	Suzhou	猜
Wu	Wenzhou	猜
Xiang	Changsha	估, 猜
Xiang	Shuangfeng	估

Compounds edit

References edit

Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A03368
“臆”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese edit

Shinjitai	臆
Kyūjitai ^[1]	臆󠄂 臆+`󠄂`^? (Hanyo-Denshi) (Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment. See here for details.

Kanji edit

臆

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

chest; breast; heart
to repress one's mind; to be hesitant in one's thoughts
timid; nervous; afraid

Readings edit

Go-on: おく (oku, Jōyō)
Kan-on: よく (yoku)
Kun: おくする (okusuru, 臆する); おしはかる (oshihakaru, 臆る); おぼえる (oboeru); おもう (omō); むね (mune)
Nanori: ぞう (zō); むね (mune)

Etymology edit

Kanji in this term
臆
おく Grade: S
goon

From Middle Chinese 臆 (MC 'ik).

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): [o̞kɯ̟ᵝ]

Affix edit

臆(おく) • (oku)

Usage notes edit

In modern Japanese, 臆 is mostly replaced by 憶, due to the deprecation of non-tōyō kanji caused by the Japanese script reform.

Japanese terms with 臆 replaced by daiyōji 憶

憶測

憶病

憶病者

Derived terms edit

Derived terms

臆(おく)出(しゅつ) (okushutsu)
臆(おく)度(たく) (okutaku): guessing; speculation
臆(おく)断(だん) (okudan): alternative form of 憶(おく)断(だん) (okudan, “hasty conclusion; conjecture”)
臆(おく)病(びょう) (okubyō): timidity; cowardice
臆(おく)面(めん) (okumen): shy face
臆(おっ)見(けん) (okken): conjecture
臆(おく)説(せつ) (okusetsu): hypothesis; speculation
臆(おく)測(そく) (okusoku): guessing; supposition

References edit

^ Haga, Gōtarō (1914) 漢和大辞書 [The Great Kanji-Japanese Dictionary] (in Japanese), Fourth edition, Tōkyō: Kōbunsha, →DOI, page 1768 (paper), page 936 (digital)