苫

Translingual edit

Han character edit

苫 (Kangxi radical 140, 艸+5, 11 strokes, cangjie input 廿卜口 (TYR), four-corner 4460₁, composition ⿱艹占)

rush or straw matting

Derived characters edit

𥠯, 𬜗

References edit

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1024, character 5
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30802
Dae Jaweon: page 1483, character 5
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3189, character 6
Unihan data for U+82EB

Chinese edit

trad.		苫
simp. ^#		苫

Glyph origin edit

Historical forms of the character 苫
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (占) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
頕	*taːm
煔	ɦlaːm, hljems, *hl'eːms
炶	*ɦlaːm
詀	rteːm, rdeːms, teːm, tʰjeb
站	*rteːms
檆	*sreːm
黏	*nem
粘	*nem
枮	slem, ʔl'ɯm
霑	*tem
沾	tem, teːms, *tʰeːm
覘	tems, tʰem
鉆	tʰem, ɡrem, *tʰeːb
占	ʔljem, tjems
颭	*tjemʔ
佔	tjems, teːm
苫	hljem, hljems
痁	hljem, teːms
蛅	*njem
阽	*lem
敁	*teːm
掂	*tiːm
點	*teːmʔ
玷	teːmʔ, teːms
店	*tiːms
坫	tiːms, tim
黇	*tʰeːm
扂	*deːmʔ
拈	*neːm
鮎	*neːm
砧	*ʔl'ɯm
笘	*teːb
跕	teːb, tʰeːb
貼	*tʰeːb
帖	*tʰeːb
怗	*tʰeːb
呫	*tʰeːb

Pronunciation 1 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shàn (shan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄢˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sim³
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siàm / chiam

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shàn
  - Wade–Giles: shan⁴
  - Yale: shàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shann
  - Palladius: шань (šanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: sim³
  - Yale: sim
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sim³
  - Guangdong Romanization: xim³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siːm³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siàm
  - Tâi-lô: siàm
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siaxm
  - IPA (Xiamen): /siam²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /siam⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: chiam
  - Tâi-lô: tsiam
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ciafm
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /t͡siam⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: syem, syemH

Rime
Character	苫	苫
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	書 (26)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	失廉切	舒贍切
Baxter	syem	syemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕiᴇm/	/ɕiᴇm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕiɛm/	/ɕiɛm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕjæm/	/ɕjæm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕiam/	/ɕiam^H/
Li Rong	/ɕiɛm/	/ɕiɛm^H/
Wang Li	/ɕĭɛm/	/ɕĭɛm^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɕi̯ɛm/	/ɕi̯ɛm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shān	shàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sim¹	sim³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s.tem/, /*s-tem-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*hljem/, /*hljems/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	苫	苫
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shān	shàn
Middle Chinese	‹ syem ›	‹ syem^H ›
Old Chinese	/*s.tem/	/*s-tem-s/
English	thatch	thatch
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	苫	苫
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	16710	16712
Phonetic component	占	占
Rime group	談	談
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	苫	閃
Old Chinese	/*hljem/	/*hljems/

Definitions edit

苫

to cover with a straw mat, tarpaulin, etc.

Pronunciation 2 edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): shān (shan¹)

(Zhuyin): ㄕㄢ
Cantonese (Jyutping): sim¹
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): siam

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: shān
  - Zhuyin: ㄕㄢ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: shan
  - Wade–Giles: shan¹
  - Yale: shān
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shan
  - Palladius: шань (šanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ʂän⁵⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: sim¹
  - Yale: sīm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: sim¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: xim¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /siːm⁵⁵/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siam
  - Tâi-lô: siam
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siafm
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /siam³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen): /siam⁴⁴/

Middle Chinese: syem, syemH

Rime
Character	苫	苫
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	書 (26)	書 (26)
Final (韻)	鹽 (153)	鹽 (153)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	失廉切	舒贍切
Baxter	syem	syemH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɕiᴇm/	/ɕiᴇm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɕiɛm/	/ɕiɛm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɕjæm/	/ɕjæm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɕiam/	/ɕiam^H/
Li Rong	/ɕiɛm/	/ɕiɛm^H/
Wang Li	/ɕĭɛm/	/ɕĭɛm^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɕi̯ɛm/	/ɕi̯ɛm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	shān	shàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	sim¹	sim³

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s.tem/, /*s-tem-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*hljem/, /*hljems/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	苫	苫
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	shān	shàn
Middle Chinese	‹ syem ›	‹ syem^H ›
Old Chinese	/*s.tem/	/*s-tem-s/
English	thatch	thatch
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	苫	苫
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	16710	16712
Phonetic component	占	占
Rime group	談	談
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	苫	閃
Old Chinese	/*hljem/	/*hljems/

Definitions edit

苫

straw mat

Japanese edit

Kanji edit

苫

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

woven mat

Readings edit

Go-on: せん (sen)^{←せん (sen, historical)}^{←せむ (semu, ancient)}
Kan-on: せん (sen)^{←せん (sen, historical)}^{←せむ (semu, ancient)}
Kun: とま (toma, 苫)

Alternative forms edit

Kanji in this term
苫
とま Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

篷

Etymology 1 edit

⟨to₂ma⟩ → */təma/ → /toma/

Likely from Old Japanese.

Possibly derived from the verb 泊(と)まる (tomaru, “to stay”), or from 止(と)まる (tomaru, “to stop”), in reference to thatched roofs under which boats or people stay, or which stop falling rain. Other suggested sources include 鳥羽(とは) (toha, “bird's wing; feather”) or 戸(と) (to, “door; house”) + 衣(も) (mo, “clothing; covering”).^[1]

Pronunciation edit

(Tokyo) とま [tóꜜmà] (Atamadaka – [1])^[2]
IPA^(key): [to̞ma̠]

Noun edit

苫(とま) • (toma)

a woven mat, usually made from rush or hay
- c. 951–953, Gosen Wakashū (book 6, poem 302; also Hyakunin Isshu, poem 1)
  秋(あき)の田(た)のかりほの庵(いほ)の苫(とま)をあらみわが衣(ころも)手(で)は露(つゆ)にぬれつつ
  aki no ta no kariho no io no toma o arami waga koromode wa tsuyu ni nuretsutsu
  Coarse is the rush mat of my harvest-hut, sheltering the harvested ears of this autumn day; so my sleeves are growing wet with the evening dew.^[3]
(historical) in the Edo period, a kimono worn by carpenters

Derived terms edit

Derived terms

Proper noun edit

苫(とま) • (Toma)

a surname

Etymology 2 edit

Kanji in this term
苫
とば Hyōgaiji
irregular

Nasal /-m-/ → plosive /-b-/ variant of toma above.

Noun edit

苫(とば) • (toba)

(rare) a woven mat, usually made from rush or hay
(rare) a kimono

Derived terms edit

長(なが)苫(とば) (nagatoba)

Etymology 3 edit

Kanji in this term
苫
のま Hyōgaiji
irregular

Attested in the Iroha Jiruishō (c. 12th century).

Plosive /t-/ → nasal /n-/ variant of toma above.

Contemporary attestation in the Tōhoku and Hokuriku regions of northern Japan.^[4]

Noun edit

苫(のま) • (noma)

(rare) a woven mat, usually made from rush or hay

References edit

^ Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Andrea Grafetstätter, Sieglinde Hartmann (2011) James Michael Ogier, editor, Islands and Cities in Medieval Myth, Literature, and History: Papers Delivered at the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, in 2005, 2006, and 2007 (Volume 14 of Beihefte zur Mediaevistik), illustrated edition, Peter Lang, →ISBN, page 116
^ 1989, 日本方言大辞典 (Nihon Hōgen Daijiten) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

Korean edit

Hanja edit

苫 • (jeom) (hangeul 점, revised jeom, McCune–Reischauer chŏm, Yale cem)

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[1] Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN

[DJR-2] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[3] Andrea Grafetstätter, Sieglinde Hartmann (2011) James Michael Ogier, editor, Islands and Cities in Medieval Myth, Literature, and History: Papers Delivered at the International Medieval Congress, University of Leeds, in 2005, 2006, and 2007 (Volume 14 of Beihefte zur Mediaevistik), illustrated edition, Peter Lang, →ISBN, page 116

[4] 1989, 日本方言大辞典 (Nihon Hōgen Daijiten) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan

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