虛假

See also: 虚假 and 虚仮

Chinese edit

		devoid of content; void; false devoid of content; void; false; empty; vain	vacation; fake; false vacation; fake; false; artificial; to borrow; if; suppose
trad. (虛假)		虛	假
simp. (虚假)		虚	假

Pronunciation edit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xūjiǎ

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄩㄐㄧㄚˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): heoi¹ gaa²
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): hî-ká
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hir-ké / hi-ké / hu-ké / hi-kée / hir-ká / hu-ká

(Teochew, Peng'im): he¹ gê²

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xūjiǎ
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄩㄐㄧㄚˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: syujiǎ
  - Wade–Giles: hsü¹-chia³
  - Yale: syū-jyǎ
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiujea
  - Palladius: сюйцзя (sjujczja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕy⁵⁵ t͡ɕi̯ä²¹⁴⁻²¹⁽⁴⁾/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: heoi¹ gaa²
  - Yale: hēui gá
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hoey¹ gaa²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hêu¹ ga²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵy̯⁵⁵ kaː³⁵/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: hî-ká
  - Hakka Romanization System: hi´ ga`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: hi¹ ga³
  - Sinological IPA: /hi²⁴ ka³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hir-ké
  - Tâi-lô: hir-ké
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɯ³³ ke⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-ké
  - Tâi-lô: hi-ké
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hi'kea
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁴¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hi⁴⁴⁻³³ ke⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hu-ké
  - Tâi-lô: hu-ké
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hu'kea
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hu⁴⁴⁻²² ke⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hi-kée
  - Tâi-lô: hi-kée
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hi⁴⁴⁻²² kɛ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hir-ká
  - Tâi-lô: hir-ká
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hɯ³³ ka⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hu-ká
  - Tâi-lô: hu-ká
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hu'kar
  - IPA (Xiamen): /hu⁴⁴⁻²² ka⁵³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: he¹ gê²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hṳ ké
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɯ³³⁻²³ ke⁵²/

Middle Chinese: xjo kaeX

Rime
Character	虛	假
Reading #	1/2	1/2
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	魚 (22)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	II
Fanqie	朽居切	古疋切
Baxter	xjo	kaeX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hɨʌ/	/kˠa^X/
Pan Wuyun	/hiɔ/	/kᵚa^X/
Shao Rongfen	/xiɔ/	/ka^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/hɨə̆/	/kaɨ^X/
Li Rong	/xiɔ/	/ka^X/
Wang Li	/xĭo/	/ka^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/xi̯wo/	/ka^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xū	jiǎ
Expected Cantonese Reflex	heoi¹	gaa²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*qʰ(r)a Cə.kˤraʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*qʰa kraːʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虛	假
Reading #	2/2	1/2
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xū	jiǎ
Middle Chinese	‹ xjo ›	‹ kæ^X ›
Old Chinese	/*qʰ(r)a/	/*Cə.kˁraʔ/
English	empty	borrow; false
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虛	假
Reading #	2/2	1/2
No.	5269	5955
Phonetic component	虍	叚
Rime group	魚	魚
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	虚	檟
Old Chinese	/*qʰa/	/*kraːʔ/

Adjective edit

虛假

faked; false; shame
- 貧則見廉，富則見義，生則見愛，死則見哀，四行者不可虛假，反之身者也。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  贫则见廉，富则见义，生则见爱，死则见哀，四行者不可虚假，反之身者也。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Mozi, c. 4^th century BCE
  Pín zé jiàn lián, fù zé jiàn yì, shēng zé jiàn ài, sǐ zé jiàn āi, sì xíng zhě bùkě xūjiǎ, fǎn zhī shēn zhě yě. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)

Synonyms edit

虛幻／虚幻 (xūhuàn)
(Hakka) 花假, 花花假假

Antonyms edit

真實／真实 (zhēnshí)

Derived terms edit

虛假大學／虚假大学 (xūjiǎ dàxué)
虛假婚姻／虚假婚姻 (xūjiǎ hūnyīn)
虛假意識／虚假意识 (xūjiǎ yìshí)