U+878D, 融
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-878D

[U+878C]
CJK Unified Ideographs
[U+878E]

Translingual edit

Han character edit

(Kangxi radical 142, +10, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一月中一戈 (MBLMI), four-corner 15236, composition )

Derived characters edit

References edit

  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1092, character 42
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 33384
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1557, character 28
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2877, character 8
  • Unihan data for U+878D

Chinese edit

simp. and trad.
alternative forms 𧖓

Glyph origin edit

Phono-semantic compound (形聲形声, OC *luŋ): semantic (cauldron) + phonetic (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs).

Etymology edit

“Hot air; steam; heat” > “to melt” > “to blend”.

Sino-Tibetan; compare Burmese လောင် (laung, to burn; to be burnt; to scorch). Related to (OC *l'uŋ, *l'uŋs, “hot; hot air; hot weather”) (as in 蟲蟲 (OC *l'uŋ/l'uŋs l'uŋ/l'uŋs)), (OC *l'uːŋ, *l'uŋ, “hot weather”) and possibly the word family of *lVm: (OC *loms, “fire”).

It belongs to a word family comprising characters meaning “to melt, to smelt, to fuse, to dissolve”. In modern times the various characters have taken on their specialised meanings:

  • (OC *luŋ, “to melt (at normal temperature); to blend”)
  • (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
  • (OC *loŋ, “to smelt; to melt (at a high temperature)”)
  • (OC *loŋ, *loŋʔ, “to dissolve (in a liquid)”)

Pronunciation edit


Note:
  • hṳ̀ng - colloquial;
  • ṳ̀ng - literary.
  • Southern Min
  • Note: ion5/iên5 - vernacular (俗) (iên5 - Chaozhou).

    • Dialectal data
    Variety Location
    Mandarin Beijing /ʐuŋ³⁵/
    Harbin /ʐuŋ²⁴/
    Tianjin /ʐuŋ⁴⁵/
    Jinan /luŋ⁴²/
    Qingdao /iŋ⁴²/
    Zhengzhou /ʐuŋ⁴²/
    Xi'an /yŋ²⁴/
    Xining /yə̃²⁴/
    Yinchuan /yŋ⁵³/
    /ʐuŋ⁵³/
    Lanzhou /ỹn⁵³/
    Ürümqi /ʐuŋ⁵¹/
    /vɤŋ⁵¹/
    Wuhan /ioŋ²¹³/
    Chengdu /yoŋ³¹/
    Guiyang /ioŋ²¹/
    Kunming /ioŋ³¹/
    Nanjing /ioŋ²⁴/
    Hefei /iŋ⁵⁵/
    Jin Taiyuan /yəŋ¹¹/
    Pingyao /yŋ¹³/
    Hohhot /ʐũŋ³¹/
    Wu Shanghai /ɦioŋ²³/
    Suzhou /ɦioŋ⁵⁵/
    Hangzhou /ɦioŋ²¹³/
    Wenzhou /joŋ³¹/
    Hui Shexian /yʌ̃⁴⁴/
    Tunxi /in⁴⁴/
    Xiang Changsha /ioŋ¹³/
    Xiangtan /in¹²/
    Gan Nanchang /iuŋ⁴⁵/
    Hakka Meixian /iuŋ¹¹/
    Taoyuan /ʒuŋ¹¹/
    Cantonese Guangzhou /joŋ²¹/
    Nanning /juŋ²¹/
    Hong Kong /juŋ²¹/
    Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /iɔŋ³⁵/
    Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /yŋ⁵³/
    Jian'ou (Northern Min) /œyŋ²¹/
    Shantou (Teochew) /ioŋ⁵⁵/
    /iõ⁵⁵/
    Haikou (Hainanese) /zɔŋ³¹/

    Rime
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Initial () (36)
    Final () (2)
    Tone (調) Level (Ø)
    Openness (開合) Open
    Division () III
    Fanqie
    Baxter yuwng
    Reconstructions
    Zhengzhang
    Shangfang
    /jɨuŋ/
    Pan
    Wuyun
    /jiuŋ/
    Shao
    Rongfen
    /iuŋ/
    Edwin
    Pulleyblank
    /juwŋ/
    Li
    Rong
    /iuŋ/
    Wang
    Li
    /jĭuŋ/
    Bernard
    Karlgren
    /i̯uŋ/
    Expected
    Mandarin
    Reflex
    yóng
    Expected
    Cantonese
    Reflex
    jung4
    BaxterSagart system 1.1 (2014)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    Modern
    Beijing
    (Pinyin)
    róng
    Middle
    Chinese
    ‹ yuwng ›
    Old
    Chinese
    /*luŋ/ (? < *lum)
    English hot air, steam, heat

    Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

    * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
    * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
    * Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
    * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

    * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
    Zhengzhang system (2003)
    Character
    Reading # 1/1
    No. 1509
    Phonetic
    component
    Rime
    group
    Rime
    subdivision
    0
    Corresponding
    MC rime
    Old
    Chinese
    /*luŋ/

    Definitions edit

    1. hot air; steam (during cooking)
    2. to melt
    3. to mix; to blend; to fuse; to harmonise
    4. (economics) to circulate
    5. Short for 融城 (Róngchéng, “Fuqing, Fuzhou”).

    Compounds edit

    References edit

    Japanese edit

    Kanji edit

    (common “Jōyō” kanji)

    1. dissolve
    2. melt

    Readings edit

    Compounds edit

    Korean edit

    Etymology edit

    (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Middle Korean readings, if any”)

    Pronunciation edit

    Hanja edit

    Korean Wikisource has texts containing the hanja:

    Wikisource

    (yung) (hangeul , revised yung, McCune–Reischauer yung, Yale yung)

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

    Vietnamese edit

    Han character edit

    : Hán Nôm readings: dung

    1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.