訟

See also: 讼

訟	U+8A1F, 訟 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8A1F

← 訞
[U+8A1E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

訠 →
[U+8A20]

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

訟 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+4, 11 strokes, cangjie input 卜口金戈 (YRCI), four-corner 0863₂, composition ⿰言公)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1149, character 18
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35266
Dae Jaweon: page 1616, character 19
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 3949, character 3
Unihan data for U+8A1F

ChineseEdit

trad.		訟
simp.		讼
alternative forms		吅

Glyph originEdit

Characters in the same phonetic series (公) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
慃	*qroːŋʔ
袞	*kluːnʔ
蔉	*kluːnʔ
滾	*kluːnʔ
忩	*sʰloːŋ
鬆	sqʰloːŋs, sqʰluːŋ, skʰloŋ, sqʰloŋ
凇	sqʰloːŋs, sqʰloŋ, *sɢloŋ
公	*kloːŋ
蚣	kloːŋ, kljoŋ
翁	*qloːŋ
螉	*qloːŋ
蓊	qloːŋ, qloːŋʔ
嗡	*qloːŋ
滃	*qloːŋʔ
暡	*qloːŋʔ
勜	*qloːŋʔ
塕	*qloːŋʔ
瓮	*qloːŋs
崧	*sqʰluŋ
菘	*sqʰluŋ
硹	*sqʰluŋ
淞	sqʰloŋ, sɢloŋ
蜙	*sqʰloŋ
倯	*sqʰloŋ
松	*sɢloŋ
訟	sɢloŋ, sɢloŋs
頌	sɢloŋs, loŋ
忪	*kljoŋ
彸	*kljoŋ
衳	*kljoŋ
伀	*kljoŋ
妐	*kljoŋ
炂	*kljoŋ
鈆	kljoŋ, lon

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *sɢloŋ, *sɢloŋs): semantic 言 (“say”) + phonetic 公 (OC *kloːŋ).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Pinyin): sòng (song⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄙㄨㄥˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): zung⁶
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): siung
Min Dong (BUC): sê̤ṳng
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): siōng / siòng

(Teochew, Peng'im): song⁶
Wu (Wiktionary): zon (T3)

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: sòng
  - Zhuyin: ㄙㄨㄥˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sòng
  - Wade–Giles: sung⁴
  - Yale: sùng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: sonq
  - Palladius: сун (sun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /sʊŋ⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: zung⁶
  - Yale: juhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: dzung⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: zung⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡sʊŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: siung
  - Hakka Romanization System: xiung
  - Hagfa Pinyim: xiung⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ɕi̯uŋ⁵⁵/
Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: sê̤ṳng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /søyŋ²⁴²/
Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siōng
  - Tâi-lô: siōng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: siong
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /ɕiɔŋ³³/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɕiɔŋ²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɕiɔŋ⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: siòng
  - Tâi-lô: siòng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: sioxng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ɕiɔŋ²¹/

Note:

siōng - literary;
siòng - vernacular (俗).

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: song⁶
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: sŏng
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /soŋ³⁵/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: zon (T3)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /z̥ʊŋ²³/

Middle Chinese: /zɨoŋ/, /zɨoŋ^H/

Rime
Character	訟	訟
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	邪 (17)	邪 (17)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	祥容切	似用切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/zɨoŋ/	/zɨoŋ^H/
Pan Wuyun	/zioŋ/	/zioŋ^H/
Shao Rongfen	/zioŋ/	/zioŋ^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/zuawŋ/	/zuawŋ^H/
Li Rong	/zioŋ/	/zioŋ^H/
Wang Li	/zĭwoŋ/	/zĭwoŋ^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/zi̯woŋ/	/zi̯woŋ^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	sóng	sòng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	cung⁴	zung⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*s.[ɢ]oŋ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*sɢloŋ/, /*sɢloŋs/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	訟
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	sòng
Middle Chinese	‹ zjowng^H ›
Old Chinese	/*s.[ɢ]oŋ-s/
English	litigate
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	訟	訟
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	4116	4119
Phonetic component	公	公
Rime group	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	松	頌
Old Chinese	/*sɢloŋ/	/*sɢloŋs/

DefinitionsEdit

訟

to accuse
- 子曰：「已矣乎！吾未見能見其過而內自訟者也。」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  子曰：“已矣乎！吾未见能见其过而内自讼者也。” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Analects of Confucius, c. 475 – 221 BCE
  Zǐyuē: “Yǐ yǐ hū! Wú wèijiàn néng jiàn qí guò ér nèi zìsòng zhě yě.” [Pinyin]
  The Master said, "It is all over. I have not yet seen one who could perceive their faults, and inwardly accuse themself."
to argue; to dispute
- 分爭辨訟，非禮不決。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  分争辨讼，非礼不决。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE, translated based on James Legge's version
  Fēnzhēng biànsòng, fēilǐ bùjué. [Pinyin]
  The clearing up of quarrels and discriminating in disputes cannot be decisive without the rules of propriety.
to litigate
- 子曰：「聽訟，吾猶人也，必也使無訟乎！」 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  子曰：“听讼，吾犹人也，必也使无讼乎！” [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: The Book of Rites, c. 4^th – 2^nd century BCE
  Zǐyuē: “Tīngsòng, wú yóu rén yě, bì yě shǐ wúsòng hū!” [Pinyin]
  The Master said, "In hearing litigations, I am like any other body. What is necessary is to cause the people to have no litigations."
sixth hexagram of the I Ching
Alternative form of 頌／颂 (sòng, “to laud; to praise; to extol”).

CompoundsEdit

JapaneseEdit

Shinjitai	訟
Kyūjitai	訟

KanjiEdit

訟

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

sue
accuse

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: じゅ (ju); ず (zu)
Kan-on: しょう (shō, Jōyō)
Kun: あらそう (arasou, 訟う); うったえる (uttaeru, 訟える)

KoreanEdit

HanjaEdit

訟 • (song) (hangeul 송, revised song, McCune–Reischauer song, Yale song)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.