雹

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

雹 (radical 173, 雨+5, 13 strokes, cangjie input 一月心口山 (MBPRU), four-corner 1071₂, composition ⿱雨包)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1372, character 26
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42248
Dae Jaweon: page 1882, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4061, character 5
Unihan data for U+96F9

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		雹

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 雹
Shang	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Chu slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (勹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
袍	*buː
袌	buː, buːs
軳	*buː
抱	*buːʔ
勽	buːs, mɯnʔ
菢	*buːs
勹	*pruː
包	*pruː
胞	pruː, pʰruː
苞	*pruː
枹	pruː, bu, *bu
飽	*pruːʔ
泡	pʰruː, m̥ʰruːs, *bruː
炮	pʰruːs, bruː
皰	pʰruːs, bruːs
疱	pʰruːs, bruːs
跑	bruː, bruːɡ
咆	*bruː
庖	*bruː
匏	*bruː
刨	*bruː
狍	*bruː
炰	*bruː
鉋	bruː, bruːs
瓟	bruː, bruːɡ
颮	bruː, pʰruːɡ
鞄	bruː, bruːʔ, bruːs, pʰruːɡ
鮑	*bruːʔ
骲	bruːʔ, bruːs, bruːɡ, pʰoːɡ
玸	*bu
雹	*bruːɡ
窇	*bruːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *bruːɡ): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː).

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”), whence also 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) (STEDT).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): báo, bó (bao², bo²)

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˊ, ㄅㄛˊ

(Chengdu, SP): bao⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): bok⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): dok^5-4, tok^5-4, bok⁵, bau¹
Gan (Wiktionary): poh⁷
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): pho̍k

(Meixian, Guangdong): pog⁶
Jin (Wiktionary): bau³
Min Bei (KCR): pāu
Min Dong (BUC): pĕ̤k / pâu
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): pha̍uh / phàu / phau / phāu / pa̍k / po̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): pag⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): bau (T3); boq (T5)
Xiang (Wiktionary): pau⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
  - Pinyin: báo
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˊ
  - Wade–Giles: pao²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: baur
  - Tongyong Pinyin: báo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, rare literary variant)⁺
  - Pinyin: bó
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ
  - Wade–Giles: po²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bor
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pwɔ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: bao⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: bao
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pau²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: bok⁶
  - Yale: bohk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bok⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: bog⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔːk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: dok^5-4, tok^5-4, bok⁵, bau¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔk̚³²⁻²¹/, /tʰɔk̚³²⁻²¹/, /pɔk̚³²/, /pau³³/

Note:

dok5-4, tok5-4 - vernacular;
bok5, bau1 - literary.

Gan

(Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: poh⁷
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɔʔ²/

Hakka

(Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pho̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: pog
- Hagfa Pinyim: pog⁶
- Sinological IPA: /pʰok̚⁵/
(Meixian)
- Guangdong: pog⁶
- Sinological IPA: /pʰɔk̚⁵/

Jin

(Taiyuan)⁺
- Wiktionary: bau³
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /pau⁴⁵/

Min Bei

(Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: pāu
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰau⁵⁵/

Min Dong

(Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: pĕ̤k / pâu
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰøyʔ⁵/, /pʰɑu²⁴²/

Note:

pĕ̤k - vernacular;
pâu - literary.

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pha̍uh
- Tâi-lô: pha̍uh
- Phofsit Daibuun: phauh
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pʰauʔ⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰauʔ¹²¹/
(Hokkien: Quanzhou, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Yilan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phàu
- Tâi-lô: phàu
- Phofsit Daibuun: phaux
- IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰau⁴¹/
(Hokkien: Taipei, Kinmen, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phau
- Tâi-lô: phau
- Phofsit Daibuun: phaw
- IPA (Taipei, Kinmen): /pʰau⁴⁴/
(Hokkien: Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phāu
- Tâi-lô: phāu
- Phofsit Daibuun: phau
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pa̍k
- Tâi-lô: pa̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: pak
- IPA (Xiamen): /pak̚⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /pak̚¹²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /pak̚²⁴/
(Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: po̍k
- Tâi-lô: po̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: pok
- IPA (Xiamen): /pɔk̚⁴/

Note:

pha̍uh/phàu/phau/phāu - vernacular;
pa̍k - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: pag⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pha̍k
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰak̚⁴/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: bau (T3); boq (T5)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /b̻ɔ²³/, /b̻ʊʔ¹²/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: pau⁴
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɒu⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: /bˠʌk̚/

Rime
Character	雹
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	覺 (10)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	蒲角切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bˠʌk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/bᵚɔk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/bɔk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/baɨwk̚/
Li Rong	/bɔk̚/
Wang Li	/bɔk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱɔk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bó
Expected Cantonese Reflex	bok⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[b]ˤruk/

(Zhengzhang): /*bruːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	雹
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	báo
Middle Chinese	‹ bæwk ›
Old Chinese	/*C.[b]ˁruk/
English	hail
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	雹
Reading #	1/1
No.	310
Phonetic component	勹
Rime group	覺
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	雹
Old Chinese	/*bruːɡ/

DefinitionsEdit

雹

hail

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 冰雹 (“hail”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		雹
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冰雹, 雹子, 雹
Mandarin	Beijing	雹子
	Taiwan	冰雹
	Tianjin	雹子
	Langfang	雹子
	Tangshan	雹子
	Cangzhou	雹子
	Baoding	雹子
	Shijiazhuang	冷子
	Daming	冷子
	Ulanhot	雹子
	Tongliao	雹子
	Chifeng	冰雹
	Bayanhot	冰雹, 冷子
	Harbin	雹子, 冷子
	Shenyang	雹子
	Muping	雹子
	Qingdao	雹子
	Weifang (Weicheng)	雹子
	Weifang (Fangzi)	雹子
	Weifang (Hanting)	雹子
	Changyi	雹子
	Gaomi	雹子
	Zhucheng	雹子
	Anqiu	雹子
	Changle	雹子
	Linqu	雹子
	Qingzhou	雹子
	Shouguang	雹子
	Rizhao	雹子
	Wulian	雹子
	Jinan	雹子, 冷子
	Luoyang	冰雹, 雹子, 冷子, 冷子疙瘩兒
	Wanrong	冷子
	Zhengzhou	冷, 琉璃蛋兒, 冰雹
	Xi'an	冷子
	Yinchuan	冷子, 雹子, 冰雹
	Lanzhou	白雨, 冷子, 蛋蛋子
	Xining	雹子, 過雨蛋蛋, 雨蛋蛋, 冰蛋蛋
	Ürümqi	冷子疙瘩, 冷子, 冰雹
	Ürümqi (Xigou)	冰雹, 冷子, 冰疙瘩, 冷子疙瘩, 雷疙瘩
	Ürümqi (Changshanzi)	冷子, 冷子疙瘩, 冰雹
	Wuhan	冰雹, 雪磚
	Huanggang	冷子
	Chengdu	雪彈子, 冰彈子, 冰雹, 冰雹子
	Guiyang	白雨, 雹子, 冰雹
	Kunming	冰雹, 白雨, 雪雹子, 雪彈子
	Guilin	冰雹
	Guilin (Lingui)	冰雹
	Liuzhou	冰雹
	Liuzhou (Luorong)	冰雹
	Sanjiang (Danzhou)	雪雹
	Xuzhou	雹子, 冷子
	Yangzhou	冰雹子, 雹子
	Nanjing	冰雹
	Hefei	冷子, 鹽豆子
	Chuzhou	冷子
	Nantong	冰珠兒
	Qimen (Anling Junhua)	冰雹
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	冷子
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	冷子
	Kokang	雪
	Mae Salong (Lancang)	雪果, 冰果, 雪塊, 雪
	Mae Sai (Tengchong)	雪
Cantonese	Guangzhou	雹, 雪珠
	Hong Kong	雹, 冰雹
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	雹
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	雹
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	冰雹
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	冰
	Macau	雹
	Panyu	雹
	Huadu (Huashan)	雹
	Conghua	雹
	Zengcheng	雹
	Foshan	冰雹
	Nanhai (Shatou)	雹
	Shunde	雹
	Sanshui	雹
	Gaoming (Mingcheng)	冰雹
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	雹
	Zhongshan (Chongkoumen Tanka)	冰泡
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	雹
	Doumen (Shangheng Tanka)	雹
	Doumen	雹
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	雹
	Xinhui	雹
	Taishan	雹
	Kaiping (Chikan)	雹
	Enping (Niujiang)	雹
	Heshan (Yayao)	冰雹
	Dongguan	雹, 冰雹, 白石 dated
	Bao'an (Shajing)	雹
	Qingyuan	冰雹
	Fogang	雹
	Yingde (Hanguang)	冰雹
	Yangshan	雹
	Lianshan (Butian)	雹
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	冰雹
	Shaoguan	冰雹
	Qujiang	冰雹
	Renhua	雹
	Lechang	雹
	Gaoyao	雹
	Sihui	冰雹, 雹
	Guangning	雹
	Deqing	雹
	Huaiji	雹
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	雹
	Yunfu	冰雹
	Xinxing	雹
	Luoding	雹
	Yunan (Pingtai)	雹
	Yangjiang	雹
	Xinyi	冰雹
	Lianjiang	雹
	Nanning	冰雹
	Wuzhou	冰雹
	Yulin	雹子
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	雹子
	Guiping	冰雹
	Guiping (Jintian)	冰雹
	Guiping (Jiangkou)	冰泡, 冰雹
	Mengshan (Xihe)	冰雹
	Guigang (Nanjiang)	冰雹
	Beiliu	雹子, 冰雹
	Beiliu (Tangliao)	冰雹
	Baise	冰雹
Bobai	冰雹
Lingshan	冰雹
Pubei	冰雹
Qinzhou	冰泡, 落雹, 冰雹
Qinzhou (Changtan)	冰雹
Qinzhou (Xiniujiao)	雹
Beihai	冰雹
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cô Tô)	雹
Beihai (Qiaogang - Cát Bà)	雹
Ningming	冰雹
Hengxian	冰雹
Fangchenggang (Fangcheng)	冰雹
Chongzuo (Laituan)	冰雹, 雹
Pingle (Majia)	雹
Pingle (Shuishan)	雹
Danzhou	冰雹
Móng Cái	雹
Gan	Nanchang	雹子
	Pengze	雹子
	Poyang	冰雹
	Yugan	雷雹哩
	Yiyang	雹子
	Hengfeng	雹子
	Yanshan	雹子
	Lichuan	雹仔
	Pingxiang	雷雹子
Hakka	Meixian	雹
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	雹
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	冰雹
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	冰雹
	Zengcheng (Zhengguo)	雹
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	冰雹
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	雹
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	雹
	Wuhua (Changbu)	雹
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	冰雹
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	冰雹
	Wengyuan	冰雹
	Liannan	雹
	Conghua (Lütian)	魚眼睛
	Jiexi	雹
	Luhe	雹
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	冰雹
	Changting	雹
	Wuping	雹
	Wuping (Yanqian)	冰雹
	Liancheng (Peitian)	冰雹
	Ninghua	雹
	Yudu	雹
	Ruijin	雹
	Shicheng	雹
	Shangyou	雹
	Tonggu (Sandu)	雹子
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	雹
	Dayu	雹
	Taoyuan	冰雹
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冰雹
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	冰雹
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	冰雹
	Dongshi (Dabu)	冰雹
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	冰雹
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	冰角
	Hong Kong	雹
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	雹
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	冰雹
	Xinyi (Sihe)	冰雹
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	雹
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	雹
	Dianbai (Shalang)	雹
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	雹
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	雹
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	雹
	Bobai (Shahe)	冰雹
	Bobai (Longtan)	雹
	Xingye (Gaofeng)	冰雹
	Hengxian (Xiaoyi)	天雹
	Guilin (Xiaojiang)	冰雹
	Pingle (Tong'an)	雹
	Yangshuo (Jinbao)	雹子, 冰雹
	Chengdu (Longtan)	雪彈子
	Chengdu (Shiling)	雪彈子, 冰雹
	Chengdu (Longwang)	雪彈子
	Chengdu (Shibantan)	雪彈子, 冰雹
	Senai (Huiyang)	雹
	Sungai Tapang, Batu Kawa (Hepo)	冰雹
	Singkawang	雪
	Pontianak (Meixian)	雪塊
Huizhou	Jixi	雹
	Shexian	雹, 冰雹
	Tunxi	冰雹, 龍雹
	Xiuning	冰雹
	Yixian	龍雹
	Qimen	冰雹
	Qimen (Anling Minhua)	雹子
	Wuyuan	雹
	Fuliang	雹子
	Dexing	雹
Jin	Taiyuan	冷彈子
	Pingyao	冷彈子, 冷子
	Datong	彈子, 冷子
	Yunzhou	彈子, 冷子
	Yunzhou (Xicetian)	彈子, 冷彈子
	Xinzhou	冷彈子, 冷子
	Changzhi	冷子彈
	Linhe	冷子, 冷子圪蛋, 冷彈子
	Jining	冷彈子
	Hohhot	冷彈子, 冷子
	Baotou	冷彈子
	Dongsheng	冷子
	Haibowan	冷子, 冷子圪蛋
	Zhangjiakou	冰雹
	Handan	冷子
Min Bei	Jian'ou	龍雹
	Jian'ou (Dikou)	龍雹
	Zhenghe (Zhenqian)	雹
	Jianyang	龍雹
	Pucheng (Shibei)	龍雹
Min Dong	Fuzhou	雹, 冰雹
	Changle	雹
	Fuqing	雹, 冰雹
	Yongtai	雹
	Gutian	雹
	Fu'an	龍雹
	Ningde	雷卵
	Shouning	龍雹
	Zhouning	龍雹
	Fuding	雷雹
Min Nan	Xiamen	雹
	Zhangzhou	雹
	Changtai	水晶
	Dongshan	雹
	Taipei	雹, 冰雹
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	雹
	Kaohsiung	冰角
	Yilan	雹, 霜仔角
	Changhua (Lukang)	冰角
	Taichung	冰雹, 冰角
	Taichung (Wuqi)	冰雹
	Tainan	冰角
	Taitung	冰角
	Hsinchu	冰雹, 冰角
	Kinmen	雹
	Penghu (Magong)	雹, 冰角
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	雹
	Datian	雹
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	冰雹
	Guilin (Biyange)	雹子
	Hangzhou (Pingfeng)	冰雹
	Chaozhou	雹
	Shantou	雹
	Bangkok (Teochew)	冰雹
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	冰雹
	Leizhou	雹
	Wenchang	雨雹
Puxian Min	Putian	冰雹
Puxian Min	Xianyou	雹
Min Zhong	Yong'an	龍雹
	Sanyuan	龍雹
	Shaxian	龍錫
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	雹
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	冰雹
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	雹子
	Nanning (Shajing)	冰雹
	Nanning (Gejiayuan)	冰雹
	Nanning (Zhegulu)	雹子
	Nanning (Xinxu)	雹子
	Nanning (Silian)	雹子
	Nanning (Xiuxiang)	雹子
	Binyang	冰雹
	Binyang (Xinqiao)	冰雹
	Hengxian (Baihe)	白子, 雹
	Chongzuo (Laituan)	雹子
Northern Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	雹子
	Guilin (Chaoyang)	冰雹
	Guilin (Zhuyuan)	冰雹
	Guilin (Dabu)	雹粒
	Guilin (Wutong)	冰雹, 雷雹, 雹
	Guilin (Liangjiang)	雹子
	Guilin (Liutang)	雹子
	Lingchuan (Sanjie)	雹哩, 雹子, 雹
	Lingchuan (Gaoqiao)	冰雹
	Lingchuan (Tanxia)	冰雹
	Guanyang (Guanyinge)	雷雹
	Pingle (Zhangjia)	冰雹
	Yangshuo (Jima)	冰雹
Shehua	Fu'an	龍雹
	Fuding	龍雹
	Luoyuan	龍雹
	Sanming	龍雹
	Hua'an	雹
	Guixi (Zhangping)	雹
	Cangnan	龍雹
	Jingning	龍雹
	Lishui	龍雹
	Longyou	龍雹
	Chaozhou	雹
	Fengshun	雹
Wu	Shanghai	冰雹, 冰塊 dated
	Shanghai (Chongming)	冰塊
	Suzhou	冰雹
	Wuxi	冰雹
	Danyang	冰雹
	Hangzhou	冰雹
	Ningbo	冰雹, 雹子, 雹
	Wenzhou	龍雹
	Jinhua	冰雹, 風雹
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	風雹, 冰雹
	Shangrao	雹子
	Shangrao (Guangfeng)	雹子
	Yushan	雹子
Xiang	Changsha	冰雹, 冰雹子
	Xiangtan	雪籽子, 冰構子
	Xiangxiang	冰雹
	Xiangxiang (Meiqiao)	冰雹
	Loudi	雪雹子
	Shuangfeng	冰雹
	Quanzhou	冰雹
	Qinglong (Changliu Laba Miao)	雹崽, 雹子, 雪雹子, 白雨

DescendantsEdit

⇒ Zhuang: lwgbag

CompoundsEdit

下雹 (xiàbáo)
冰雹 (bīngbáo)
落雹

雷霆電雹／雷霆电雹
雹子 (báozi)
雹災／雹灾 (báozāi)

ReferencesEdit

“雹”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎^[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

JapaneseEdit

KanjiEdit

雹

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

hail

ReadingsEdit

Go-on: ぼく (boku)
Kan-on: はく (haku)^{←はく (faku, historical)}
Kan’yō-on: ひょく (hyoku)^{←ひよく (fyoku, historical)}
Kun: ひょう (hyō, 雹)

EtymologyEdit

Kanji in this term
雹
ひょう Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

Japanese Wikipedia has an article on:

雹

Wikipedia ^ja

雹 (hyō)

Perhaps from 氷 (hyō, “ice”) (This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

PronunciationEdit

Kun’yomi

(Tokyo) ひょー [hyóꜜò] (Atamadaka – [1])
IPA^(key): [ço̞ː]

NounEdit

雹(ひょう) • (hyō)

hail
a hailstone

Derived termsEdit

降(こう)雹(ひょう) (kōhyō)
雹(ひょう)害(がい) (hyōgai)

KoreanEdit

EtymologyEdit

From Middle Chinese 雹 (MC bˠʌk̚).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	빡〮 (Yale: ppák)
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527^[2]	무〮뤼〮 (Yale: mwúlwúy)	박〮 (Yale: pák)