雹

TranslingualEdit

Han characterEdit

雹 (radical 173, 雨+5, 13 strokes, cangjie input 一月心口山 (MBPRU), four-corner 1071₂, composition ⿱雨包)

ReferencesEdit

KangXi: page 1372, character 26
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 42248
Dae Jaweon: page 1882, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4061, character 5
Unihan data for U+96F9

ChineseEdit

simp. and trad.		雹

Glyph originEdit

Historical forms of the character 雹
Shang	Warring States	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Oracle bone script	Chu Slip and silk script	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (勹) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
袍	*buː
袌	buː, buːs
軳	*buː
抱	*buːʔ
勽	buːs, mɯnʔ
菢	*buːs
勹	*pruː
包	*pruː
胞	pruː, pʰruː
苞	*pruː
枹	pruː, bu, *bu
飽	*pruːʔ
泡	pʰruː, m̥ʰruːs, *bruː
炮	pʰruːs, bruː
皰	pʰruːs, bruːs
疱	pʰruːs, bruːs
跑	bruː, bruːɡ
咆	*bruː
庖	*bruː
匏	*bruː
刨	*bruː
狍	*bruː
炰	*bruː
鉋	bruː, bruːs
瓟	bruː, bruːɡ
颮	bruː, pʰruːɡ
鞄	bruː, bruːʔ, bruːs, pʰruːɡ
鮑	*bruːʔ
骲	bruːʔ, bruːs, bruːɡ, pʰoːɡ
玸	*bu
雹	*bruːɡ
窇	*bruːɡ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *bruːɡ): semantic 雨 (“rain”) + phonetic 包 (OC *pruː).

EtymologyEdit

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *m-bru(ŋ/k) (“dragon; thunder”), whence also 龍 (OC *b·roŋ, *mroːŋ, “dragon”) (STEDT).

PronunciationEdit

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): báo, bó (bao², bo²)

(Zhuyin): ㄅㄠˊ, ㄅㄛˊ

(Chengdu, SP): bao⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou, Jyutping): bok⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): dok^5-4, tok^5-4, bok⁵, bau¹
Gan (Wiktionary): poh⁷
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): pho̍k

(Meixian, Guangdong): pog⁶
Jin (Wiktionary): bau³
Min Bei (KCR): pāu
Min Dong (BUC): pĕ̤k / pâu
Min Nan
(Hokkien, POJ): pha̍uh / phàu / phau / phāu / pa̍k / po̍k

(Teochew, Peng'im): pag⁸
Wu (Wiktionary): bau (T3); boq (T5)
Xiang (Wiktionary): pau⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese, standard in Mainland and Taiwan)⁺
  - Pinyin: báo
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄠˊ
  - Wade–Giles: pao²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: baur
  - Tongyong Pinyin: báo
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɑʊ̯³⁵/
- (Standard Chinese, rare literary variant)⁺
  - Pinyin: bó
  - Zhuyin: ㄅㄛˊ
  - Wade–Giles: po²
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: bor
  - Tongyong Pinyin: bó
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pwɔ³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: bao⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: bao
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pau²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)⁺
  - Jyutping: bok⁶
  - Yale: bohk
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bok⁹
  - Guangdong Romanization: bog⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɔːk̚²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: dok^5-4, tok^5-4, bok⁵, bau¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /tɔk̚³²⁻²¹/, /tʰɔk̚³²⁻²¹/, /pɔk̚³²/, /pau³³/

Note:

dok5-4, tok5-4 - vernacular;
bok5, bau1 - literary.

Gan

(Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: poh⁷
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɔʔ²/

Hakka

(Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: pho̍k
- Hakka Romanization System: pog
- Hagfa Pinyim: pog⁶
- Sinological IPA: /pʰok̚⁵/
(Meixian)
- Guangdong: pog⁶
- Sinological IPA: /pʰɔk̚⁵/

Jin

(Taiyuan)⁺
- Wiktionary: bau³
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /pau⁴⁵/

Min Bei

(Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: pāu
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰau⁵⁵/

Min Dong

(Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: pĕ̤k / pâu
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰøyʔ⁵/, /pʰɑu²⁴²/

Note:

pĕ̤k - vernacular;
pâu - literary.

Min Nan

(Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pha̍uh
- Tâi-lô: pha̍uh
- Phofsit Daibuun: phauh
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /pʰaʊʔ¹²¹/
- IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /pʰaʊʔ⁴/
(Hokkien: Quanzhou, Hsinchu, Sanxia, Yilan)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phàu
- Tâi-lô: phàu
- Phofsit Daibuun: phaux
- IPA (Quanzhou): /pʰaʊ⁴¹/
(Hokkien: Taipei, Kinmen, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phau
- Tâi-lô: phau
- Phofsit Daibuun: phaw
- IPA (Taipei, Kinmen): /pʰaʊ⁴⁴/
(Hokkien: Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: phāu
- Tâi-lô: phāu
- Phofsit Daibuun: phau
(Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pa̍k
- Tâi-lô: pa̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: pak
- IPA (Xiamen): /pak̚⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /pak̚¹²¹/
- IPA (Quanzhou): /pak̚²⁴/
(Hokkien: Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: po̍k
- Tâi-lô: po̍k
- Phofsit Daibuun: pok
- IPA (Xiamen): /pɔk̚⁴/

Note:

pha̍uh/phàu/phau/phāu - vernacular;
pa̍k - literary.

(Teochew)
- Peng'im: pag⁸
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: pha̍k
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰak̚⁴/

Wu

(Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: bau (T3); boq (T5)
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /b̻ɔ²³/, /b̻ʊʔ¹²/

Xiang

(Changsha)
- Wiktionary: pau⁴
- Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɒu⁴⁵/

Middle Chinese: /bˠʌk̚/

Rime
Character	雹
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	覺 (10)
Tone (調)	Checked (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	蒲角切
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bˠʌk̚/
Pan Wuyun	/bᵚɔk̚/
Shao Rongfen	/bɔk̚/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/baɨwk̚/
Li Rong	/bɔk̚/
Wang Li	/bɔk̚/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱɔk̚/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	bó

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[b]ˤruk/

(Zhengzhang): /*bruːɡ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	雹
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	báo
Middle Chinese	‹ bæwk ›
Old Chinese	/*C.[b]ˁruk/
English	hail
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	雹
Reading #	1/1
No.	310
Phonetic component	勹
Rime group	覺
Rime subdivision	1
Corresponding MC rime	雹
Old Chinese	/*bruːɡ/

DefinitionsEdit

雹

hail

SynonymsEdit

Dialectal synonyms of 冰雹 (“hail”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		雹
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		冰雹, 雹子, 雹
Mandarin	Beijing	雹子
	Taiwan	冰雹
	Tianjin	雹子
	Langfang	雹子
	Tangshan	雹子
	Cangzhou	雹子
	Baoding	雹子
	Shijiazhuang	冷子
	Daming	冷子
	Harbin	雹子, 冷子
	Shenyang	雹子
	Ulanhot	雹子
	Tongliao	雹子
	Chifeng	冰雹
	Bayanhot	冰雹, 冷子
	Jinan	雹子, 冷子
	Muping	雹子
	Luoyang	冰雹, 雹子, 冷子, 冷子疙瘩兒
	Wanrong	冷子
	Xi'an	冷子
	Qingdao	雹子
	Zhengzhou	冷, 琉璃蛋兒, 冰雹
	Xining	雹子, 過雨蛋蛋, 雨蛋蛋, 冰蛋蛋
	Xuzhou	雹子, 冷子
	Yinchuan	冷子, 雹子, 冰雹
	Lanzhou	白雨, 冷子, 蛋蛋子
	Ürümqi	冷子疙瘩, 冷子, 冰雹
	Wuhan	冰雹, 雪磚
	Huanggang	冷子
	Chengdu	雪彈子, 冰彈子, 冰雹, 冰雹子
	Guiyang	白雨, 雹子, 冰雹
	Guilin	冰雹
	Liuzhou	冰雹
	Kunming	冰雹, 白雨, 雪雹子, 雪彈子
	Yangzhou	冰雹子, 雹子
	Nanjing	冰雹
	Hefei	冷子, 鹽豆子
	Nantong	冰珠兒
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	冷子
	Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan)	冷子
Cantonese	Guangzhou	雹, 雪珠
	Hong Kong	雹, 冰雹
	Hong Kong (San Tin Weitou)	雹
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	雹
	Hong Kong (Ting Kok)	冰雹
	Hong Kong (Tung Ping Chau)	冰
	Macau	雹
	Panyu	雹
	Huadu (Huashan)	雹
	Conghua	雹
	Zengcheng	雹
	Foshan	冰雹
	Nanhai (Shatou)	雹
	Shunde	雹
	Sanshui	雹
	Gaoming (Mingcheng)	冰雹
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	雹
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	雹
	Doumen (Shangheng Tanka)	雹
	Doumen	雹
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	雹
	Xinhui	雹
	Taishan	雹
	Kaiping (Chikan)	雹
	Enping (Niujiang)	雹
	Heshan (Yayao)	冰雹
	Dongguan	雹, 冰雹, 白石 dated
	Bao'an (Shajing)	雹
	Qingyuan	冰雹
	Fogang	雹
	Yingde (Hanguang)	冰雹
	Yangshan	雹
	Lianshan (Butian)	雹
	Lianzhou (Qingshui Sihui)	冰雹
	Shaoguan	冰雹
	Qujiang	冰雹
	Renhua	雹
	Lechang	雹
	Gaoyao	雹
	Sihui	冰雹, 雹
	Guangning	雹
	Deqing	雹
	Huaiji	雹
	Fengkai (Nanfeng)	雹
	Yunfu	冰雹
	Xinxing	雹
	Luoding	雹
	Yunan (Pingtai)	雹
	Yangjiang	雹
	Xinyi	冰雹
	Lianjiang	雹
	Nanning	冰雹
	Wuzhou	冰雹
	Yulin	雹子
	Hepu (Lianzhou)	雹子
	Danzhou	冰雹
Gan	Nanchang	雹子
	Lichuan	雹仔
	Pingxiang	雷雹子
Hakka	Meixian	雹
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	雹
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	冰雹
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	冰雹
	Zengcheng (Zhengguo)	雹
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	冰雹
	Wuhua (Shuizhai)	雹
	Wuhua (Huacheng)	雹
	Wuhua (Changbu)	雹
	Wuhua (Mianyang)	冰雹
	Heyuan (Bendihua)	冰雹
	Wengyuan	冰雹
	Liannan	雹
	Conghua (Lütian)	魚眼睛
	Jiexi	雹
	Luhe	雹
	Zhao'an (Xiuzhuan)	冰雹
	Changting	雹
	Wuping	雹
	Wuping (Yanqian)	冰雹
	Ninghua	雹
	Yudu	雹
	Ruijin	雹
	Shicheng	雹
	Shangyou	雹
	Tonggu (Sandu)	雹子
	Ganzhou (Panlong)	雹
	Dayu	雹
	Taoyuan	冰雹
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	冰雹
	Liudui (S. Sixian)	冰雹
	Hsinchu (Hailu)	冰雹
	Dongshi (Dabu)	冰雹
	Hsinchu (Raoping)	冰雹
	Yunlin (Zhao'an)	冰角
	Hong Kong	雹
	Yangxi (Tangkou)	雹
	Yangchun (Sanjia)	冰雹
	Xinyi (Sihe)	冰雹
	Xinyi (Qianpai)	雹
	Gaozhou (Xindong)	雹
	Dianbai (Shalang)	雹
	Huazhou (Xin'an)	雹
	Lianjiang (Shijiao)	雹
	Lianjiang (Qingping)	雹
	Mengshan (Xihe)	冰雹
	Luchuan	冰雹
	Luchuan (Daqiao)	冰雹
	Senai	雹
	Batu Kawa (Sungai Tapang)	冰雹
	Singkawang	雪
Huizhou	Jixi	雹
	Shexian	雹, 冰雹
	Tunxi	冰雹, 龍雹
	Xiuning	冰雹
	Yixian	龍雹
	Qimen	冰雹
	Wuyuan	雹
	Fuliang	雹子
	Dexing	雹
Jin	Taiyuan	冷彈子
	Pingyao	冷彈子, 冷子
	Xinzhou	冷彈子, 冷子
	Jining	冷彈子
	Hohhot	冷彈子, 冷子
	Baotou	冷彈子
	Dongsheng	冷子
	Linhe	冷子, 冷子圪蛋, 冷彈子
	Haibowan	冷子, 冷子圪蛋
	Zhangjiakou	冰雹
	Handan	冷子
Min Bei	Jian'ou	龍雹
	Dikou	龍雹
	Zhenqian	雹
	Jianyang	龍雹
	Shibei	龍雹
Min Dong	Fuzhou	雹, 冰雹
	Changle	雹
	Fuqing	雹, 冰雹
	Yongtai	雹
	Gutian	雹
	Fu'an	龍雹
	Ningde	雷卵
	Shouning	龍雹
	Zhouning	龍雹
	Fuding	雷雹
Min Nan	Xiamen	雹
	Zhangzhou	雹
	Changtai	水晶
	Dongshan	雹
	Taipei	雹, 冰雹
	Kaohsiung	冰角
	Tainan	冰角
	Taichung	冰雹, 冰角
	Wuqi	冰雹
	Hsinchu	冰雹, 冰角
	Taitung	冰角
	Lukang	冰角
	Sanxia	雹
	Yilan	雹, 霜仔角
	Kinmen	雹
	Magong	雹, 冰角
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	雹
	Datian	雹
	Pingnan (Shangdu)	冰雹
	Chaozhou	雹
	Shantou	雹
	Bangkok (Teochew)	冰雹
	Johor Bahru (Teochew)	冰雹
	Leizhou	雹
	Wenchang	雨雹
Puxian Min	Putian	冰雹
Puxian Min	Xianyou	雹
Min Zhong	Yong'an	龍雹
	Sanyuan	龍雹
	Shaxian	龍錫
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	雹
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	冰雹
Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	雹子
Pinghua	Guilin (Dahe)	雹子
Shehua	Fu'an	龍雹
	Fuding	龍雹
	Luoyuan	龍雹
	Sanming	龍雹
	Hua'an	雹
	Guixi	雹
	Cangnan	龍雹
	Jingning	龍雹
	Lishui	龍雹
	Longyou	龍雹
	Chaozhou	雹
	Fengshun	雹
Wu	Shanghai	冰雹, 冰塊 dated
	Chongming	冰塊
	Suzhou	冰雹
	Wuxi	冰雹
	Danyang	冰雹
	Hangzhou	冰雹
	Ningbo	冰雹, 雹子, 雹
	Wenzhou	龍雹
	Jinhua	冰雹, 風雹
	Tangxi	風雹, 冰雹
Xiang	Changsha	冰雹, 冰雹子
	Shuangfeng	冰雹
	Xiangtan	雪籽子, 冰構子
	Loudi	雪雹子
	Quanzhou	冰雹