頭
|
Contents
TranslingualEdit
Stroke order | |||
---|---|---|---|
Han characterEdit
頭 (radical 181 頁+7, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一廿一月金 (MTMBC), four-corner 11186, composition ⿰豆頁)
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 1404, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43490
- Dae Jaweon: page 1921, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian: volume 7, page 4372, character 5
- Unihan data for U+982D
ChineseEdit
trad. | 頭 | |
---|---|---|
simp. | 头 |
Glyph originEdit
Characters in the same phonetic series (豆) (Zhengzhang, 2003) | |
---|---|
Old Chinese | |
侸 | *toː |
剅 | *toː, *roː |
郖 | *toː, *doːs |
鬪 | *toːs |
鋀 | *tʰoː |
頭 | *doː |
豆 | *doːs |
逗 | *doːs, *dos |
痘 | *doːs |
梪 | *doːs |
脰 | *doːs |
荳 | *doːs |
浢 | *doːs |
餖 | *doːs |
毭 | *doːs |
豎 | *djoʔ |
裋 | *djoʔ |
短 | *toːnʔ |
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *doː): phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs) + semantic 頁.
EtymologyEdit
Replaced earlier 首 (OC *hljuʔ, *hljus, “head”).
PronunciationEdit
- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Hakka (Sixian, PFS): thèu
- Min Bei (KCR): tê
- Min Dong (BUC): tàu
- Min Nan
- Wu (Wiktionary): deu (T3)
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄊㄡˊ
- Wade-Giles: t'ou2
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: tour
- IPA (key): /tʰoʊ̯³⁵/
- (Chengdu)
- Sichuanese Pinyin: tou2
- Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: tou
- IPA (key): /tʰəu²¹/
- (Dungan)
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
- Jyutping: tau4, tau4-2
- Yale: tàuh, táu
- Cantonese Pinyin: tau4, tau4-2
- Guangdong Romanization: teo4, teo2
- IPA (key): /tʰɐu̯²¹/, /tʰɐu̯²¹⁻³⁵/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou)+
-
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: heu3, heu3*
- IPA (key): /heu²²/, /heu²²⁻²²⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: thèu
- Hakka Romanization System: teuˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: teu2
- IPA: /tʰe̯u¹¹/
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Min Bei
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: tê
- IPA (key): /tʰe³³/
- (Jian'ou)
- Min Dong
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: tàu
- IPA (key): /tʰau⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Min Nan
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, mainstream Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Yilan, Kinmen, Magong)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thô͘
- Tâi-lô: thôo
- Phofsit Daibuun: too
- IPA (Xiamen, Kinmen): /tʰɔ²⁴/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /tʰɔ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Lukang, Sanxia, Hsinchu)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thiô
- Tâi-lô: thiô
- Phofsit Daibuun: tiooi
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰiɤ²³/
- IPA (Quanzhou, Taipei): /tʰio²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Taipei, Kaohsiung, Tainan, Lukang, Sanxia, Yilan, Taichung)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: thô
- Tâi-lô: thô
- Phofsit Daibuun: tooi
- IPA (Taipei): /tʰo²⁴/
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /tʰɤ²³/
- thâu - vernacular;
- thiô/thô͘ - literary;
- thô - only used in 饅頭.
- (Teochew)
- Peng'im: tao5
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: thâu
- IPA (key): /tʰau⁵⁵/
- Wu
- (Shanghainese)
- Wiktionary: deu (T3)
- IPA (key): /d̻ɜ²³/
- (Shanghainese)
-
Dialectal data▼
Variety | Location | 頭 |
---|---|---|
Mandarin | Beijing | /tʰou³⁵/ |
Harbin | /tʰou²⁴/ | |
Tianjin | /tʰou⁴⁵/ | |
Jinan | /tʰou⁴²/ | |
Qingdao | /tʰou⁴²/ | |
Zhengzhou | /tʰou⁴²/ | |
Xi'an | /tʰou²⁴/ | |
Xining | /tʰɯ²⁴/ | |
Yinchuan | /tʰəu⁵³/ | |
Lanzhou | /tʰou⁵³/ | |
Ürümqi | /tʰɤu⁵¹/ | |
Wuhan | /tʰəu²¹³/ | |
Chengdu | /tʰəu³¹/ | |
Guiyang | /tʰəu²¹/ | |
Kunming | /tʰəu³¹/ | |
Nanjing | /tʰəɯ²⁴/ | |
Hefei | /tʰɯ⁵⁵/ | |
Jin | Taiyuan | /tʰəu¹¹/ |
Pingyao | /təu¹³/ /tʰəu¹³/ |
|
Hohhot | /tʰəu³¹/ | |
Wu | Shanghai | /dɤ²³/ |
Suzhou | /dɤ¹³/ | |
Hangzhou | /dei²¹³/ | |
Wenzhou | /dɤu³¹/ | |
Hui | Shexian | /tʰiu⁴⁴/ |
Tunxi | /tʰiu⁴⁴/ | |
Xiang | Changsha | /təu¹³/ |
Xiangtan | /dəɯ¹²/ | |
Gan | Nanchang | /tʰɛu²⁴/ |
Hakka | Meixian | /tʰeu¹¹/ |
Taoyuan | /tʰeu¹¹/ | |
Cantonese | Guangzhou | /tʰɐu²¹/ |
Nanning | /tʰɐu²¹/ | |
Hong Kong | /tʰɐu²¹/ | |
Min | Xiamen (Min Nan) | /tʰɔ³⁵/ /tʰau³⁵/ |
Fuzhou (Min Dong) | /tʰau⁵³/ | |
Jian'ou (Min Bei) | /tʰe³³/ | |
Shantou (Min Nan) | /tʰau⁵⁵/ | |
Haikou (Min Nan) | /hau³¹/ |
Rime | |
---|---|
Character | 頭 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Initial (聲) | 定 (7) |
Final (韻) | 侯 (137) |
Tone (調) | Level (Ø) |
Openness (開合) | Open |
Division (等) | I |
Fanqie | 度侯切 |
Reconstructions | |
Zhengzhang Shangfang |
/dəu/ |
Pan Wuyun |
/dəu/ |
Shao Rongfen |
/dəu/ |
Edwin Pulleyblank |
/dəw/ |
Li Rong |
/du/ |
Wang Li |
/dəu/ |
Bernard Karlgren |
/dʱə̯u/ |
Expected Mandarin Reflex |
tóu |
Baxter-Sagart system 1.1 (2014) | |
---|---|
Character | 頭 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
Modern Beijing (Pinyin) |
tóu |
Middle Chinese |
‹ duw › |
Old Chinese |
/*[m-t]ˤo/ |
English | head |
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter-Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; |
Zhengzhang system (2003) | |
---|---|
Character | 頭 |
Reading # | 1/1 |
No. | 2465 |
Phonetic component |
豆 |
Rime group |
侯 |
Rime subdivision |
0 |
Corresponding MC rime |
頭 |
Old Chinese |
/*doː/ |
DefinitionsEdit
頭
- (anatomy) head (Classifier: 個/个 m c)
-
我又要叫你和女人彼此為仇;你的後裔和女人的後裔也彼此為仇。女人的後裔要傷你的頭;你要傷他的腳跟。 [MSC, trad.]
我又要叫你和女人彼此为仇;你的后裔和女人的后裔也彼此为仇。女人的后裔要伤你的头;你要伤他的脚跟。 [MSC, simp.]- From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 3:15
- Wǒ yòu yào jiào nǐ hé nǚrén bǐcǐ wéi chóu; nǐ de hòuyì hé nǚrén de hòuyì yě bǐcǐ wéi chóu. Nǚrén de hòuyì yào shāng nǐ de tóu; nǐ yào shāng tā de jiǎogēn. [Pinyin]
- And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.
- hair
- top; tip; end
- chief; boss; leader
- remnant; end
- Classifier for livestock. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
- first; leading
- Diminutive suffix.
SynonymsEdit
CompoundsEdit
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
ReadingsEdit
- Goon: ず (zu, Jōyō)←づ (du, historical)
- Kan’on: とう (tō, Jōyō)
- Tōon: じゅう (jū)←ぢゆう (dyū, historical)
- Kan’yōon: と (to, Jōyō, uncommon)
- Kun: あたま (atama, 頭, Jōyō); かしら (kashira, 頭); かぶり (kaburi, 頭); こうべ (kōbe, 頭)←かうべ (kaube, historical)
- Nanori: かぶ (kabu); かぶし (kabushi); かみ (kami); ちゃん (chan); つぶり (tsuburi); つむ (tsumu); つむり (tsumuri); づ (zu); どたま (dotama)
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
あたま Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese of unknown derivation. Theories include:
- Compound of 天玉 (a tama, literally “heaven, sky + ball”). This is problematic phonetically, as 天 appears historically as ama or ame, not as just a
- Compound of 当て間 (ate ma, literally “putting something in contact + space, gap”), referring to the head as a moxibustion point. This is also problematic phonetically, as the shift from ate to ata necessitates a change in meaning of the underlying verb. This is also problematic semantically, as the 間 (ma) term refers more specifically to a gap or space.
- Compound of 貴間 (ate ma, literally “noble + space”), referring to the most important part of the body. However, the use of 間 (ma) in this way is again problematic. Moreover, 貴 (ate, “noble”) appears in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter dating to the 900s CE, while 頭 (atama) with a sense of fontanelle appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō dated 938 CE, leaving insufficient time for either the semantic or phonetic drift required.[1][2]
Historically, this term first appears with a sense of fontanelle, in reference to the soft place on the top of an infant's head where the bones of the skull have not yet fused. As such, a more likely derivation might be as a compound of 当た (ata, “not quite touching, not quite in contact”, possibly a fossilized 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of classical verb 当つ (atsu), root of modern 当たる (ataru, “to touch, to come into contact”)) + 間 (ma, “space, gap, opening”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana あたま, rōmaji atama)
- head (body part)
- 頭が痛い。
- Atama ga itai.
- My head hurts.
- 頭が痛い。
- (anatomy, archaic, possibly obsolete) the fontanelle part of the skull
IdiomsEdit
- 頭が良い (atama ga ii): bright, intelligent
- 頭が悪い (atama ga warui): stupid, intellectually challenged
Etymology 2Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
かしら Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
From Old Japanese.[1] Found as a standalone noun in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, and as a counter in the Kojiki, dating to 712 CE.
Alternative formsEdit
- (head of a doll): 首
PronunciationEdit
- Kun’yomi
- The pitch accent for the counter depends on the preceding noun.
CounterEdit
頭 (hiragana かしら, rōmaji -kashira)
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana かしら, rōmaji kashira)
Derived termsEdit
- 年頭 (toshigashira, “oldest person”)
- 膝頭 (hizagashira, “kneecap”)
- 前頭 (maegashira, rank-and-file sumo wrestler)
Radical names containing 頭:
- 網頭 (ami-gashira, “top 'net' radical”)
- 糸頭 (ito-gashira, “top 'thread' radical”)
- 老頭 (oi-gashira, “top 'old' radical”)
- 髪頭 (kami-gashira, “top 'hair' radical”)
- 彑頭 (kei-gashira, “top 'pig's head' radical”)
- 虎頭 (tora-gashira, “top 'tiger' radical”)
- 冬頭 (fuyu-gashira, “top 'winter' radical”)
- 八頭 (hachi-gashira, “top 'eight' radical”)
- 発頭 (hatsu-gashira, “top 'dotted tent' radical”)
- 人頭 (hito-gashira, “top 'person' radical”)
Etymology 3Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
かぶり Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
Cognate with and shift in meaning from かぶり (kaburi, “covering; hat, crown”), spelled in kanji as 被り or 冠.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana かぶり, rōmaji kaburi)
IdiomsEdit
- 頭を振る (kaburi o furu, “shake one's head (in denial)”)
Etymology 4Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
かぶ Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
Cognate with 株 (kabu, “stump; root”), from a general sense of lump.[1]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 5Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
つぶり Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
Cognate with 粒 (tsubu, “round thing”, such as a grain), 禿ぶ (tsubu, “to go bald”, from the idea of one's head becoming round), 円ら (tsubura, “round”, adjective), 潰れる (tsubureru, “to become rounded, as from wear and tear, or from crushing”).[1]
Some sources[2] derive this as a shift from 円ら (tsubura, “round”, adjective). However, the phonology and semantics for this do not fit (changing /a/ to /i/, and repurposing the adjectivizing suffix ら to instead form a noun). The modern verb tsubureru had the form tsuburu in older stages of the language. The tsuburi reading for 頭 may more likely represent a nominalization derived from this older verb, following normal patterns for creating nouns from verbs.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana つぶり, rōmaji tsuburi)
Etymology 6Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
つむり Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
From tsuburi above. Bilabial plosive /b/ becomes bilabial nasal /m/.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana つむり, rōmaji tsumuri)
Etymology 7Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
つむ Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
Shortened from tsumuri above.[1]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 8Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
こうべ Grade: 2 |
kun’yomi |
/kamipe/ → /kampe/ → /kaube/ → /kɔːbe/ → /koːbe/
Compound of either 上 (kami, “upper”) or 髪 (kami, “hair”) (likely cognates) with the suffix 方 (pe, “location, direction”).[1][2][4]
Alternatively, may be an alteration from 頭 (kabu, “head”, see above) + 上 (ue, “up”).[1]
PronunciationEdit
Alternative formsEdit
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana こうべ, rōmaji kōbe, historical hiragana かうべ)
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 9Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
どたま Grade: 2 |
Irregular |
Contraction of ど (do, “super-”, often used ironically as a derogatory prefix) + 頭 (atama, “head”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana どたま, rōmaji dotama)
Usage notesEdit
Often spelled in hiragana, as どたま.
Etymology 10Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
ず Grade: 2 |
on’yomi |
/du/ → /d͡zu/ → /zu/
From Middle Chinese 頭 (MC dəu). The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana ず, rōmaji zu, historical hiragana づ)
Usage notesEdit
This reading is more often found in compounds, such as 頭痛 (zutsū, “a headache”).
IdiomsEdit
Etymology 11Edit
Kanji in this term |
---|
頭 |
とう Grade: 2 |
on’yomi |
From Middle Chinese 頭 (MC dəu). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. The shift from initial /d/ to voiceless /t/ is due to influence or reborrowing from a later stage of the Chinese language. Compare modern Mandarin reading tóu, Cantonese tau4, Min Nan tao5.
PronunciationEdit
CounterEdit
- heads of large animals (cows, horses)
- 合わせて1300頭余りが出荷され、全国各地に流通した。
- Awasete sen sanbyaku tō amari ga shukka sare, zenkoku kakuchi ni ryūtsū shita.
- Altogether over 1300 heads of cattle have been distributed throughout the country.
- 合わせて1300頭余りが出荷され、全国各地に流通した。
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1988, 国語大辞典(新装版) (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
Further readingEdit
- Etymology entry for 頭 (atama) at Gogen-Yurai Jiten (Etymology and Origin Dictionary; in Japanese): http://gogen-allguide.com/a/atama.html
- Etymology entry for 頭 (atama) at Key: Zatsugaku Jiten (Key: Dictionary of Miscellaneous Knowledge; in Japanese}: http://www.7key.jp/data/language/etymology/a/atama.html#etymology
KoreanEdit
HanjaEdit
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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Northern Amami-OshimaEdit
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
Oki-No-ErabuEdit
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person
OkinawanEdit
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person
CompoundsEdit
- 頭病ん (ちぶるやん, chiburuyan): headache
Southern Amami-OshimaEdit
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
頭 (đầu)
- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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.
YaeyamaEdit
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana つぶり, romaji tsuburi, hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu, hiragana つぃぶるぃ, romaji tsiburi)
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana つぶり, romaji tsuburi, hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu, hiragana つぃぶるぃ, romaji tsiburi)
YoronEdit
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person