頭
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TranslingualEdit
| Stroke order | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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Han characterEdit
頭 (Kangxi radical 181, 頁+7, 16 strokes, cangjie input 一廿一月金 (MTMBC), four-corner 11186, composition ⿰豆頁)
Derived charactersEdit
Related charactersEdit
ReferencesEdit
- KangXi: page 1404, character 20
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 43490
- Dae Jaweon: page 1921, character 13
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 7, page 4372, character 5
- Unihan data for U+982D
ChineseEdit
| trad. | 頭 | |
|---|---|---|
| simp. | 头 | |
| alternative forms | 䫁 𥘖 | |
Glyph originEdit
| Historical forms of the character 頭 |
|---|
| Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) |
| Small seal script |
|
Phono-semantic compound (形聲, OC *doː): phonetic 豆 (OC *doːs) + semantic 頁／页 (“head”).
EtymologyEdit
Replaced earlier 首 (MC ɕɨuX, “head”) due to homophony with 手 (MC ɕɨuX, “hand”) (Sagart, 1999).
Several etymologies have been proposed:
- From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *d-bu-s (“head”) or its allofam *du (“head”); compare Tibetan དབུ (dbu, “head”), Burmese ဦး (u:, “head”), Sichuan Yi ꀑ (o, “head”), Proto-Loloish *ʔ-du² (“head”) (Benedict, 1972; Schuessler, 2007; STEDT; Starostin).
- Contraction of 髑髏 (OC *doːɡ roː, “skull”) (Wu, 2006).
- From Proto-Mon-Khmer *duul() (“to carry on one's head”), whence Khmer ទូល (tul); this is phonologically plausible since final consonants are often lost after a long vowel in loanwords (Schuessler, 2007).
- A variant of 豆 (OC *doːs, “a kind of vessel”), as skulls could have been used as drinking recipients; compare French tête (“head”) from Latin testa (“pot; jug”) and German Kopf (“head”) from Middle High German kopf (“drinking vessel”) (Maréchal, 1994; Sagart, 1999). However, Schuessler (2007) notes that 豆 (OC *doːs) seems like a tone C (去聲) derivation from 頭 (OC *doː), which may have originally meant “skull”.
- Baxter and Sagart (2014) reconstructs the Old Chinese with a *m- prefix for human body parts, deriving it from 兜 (OC *toː, “helmet; hood”).
Pronunciation 1Edit
DefinitionsEdit
頭
- (anatomy) head (Classifier: 個／个 m c)
- 居喪之禮，頭有創則沐，身有瘍則浴。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
- From: The Book of Rites, c. 4th – 2nd century BCE
- Jūsāng zhī lǐ, tóu yǒu chuāng zé mù, shēn yǒu yáng zé yù. [Pinyin]
- According to the same rules, if he have a scab on his head, he should wash it; if he have a sore on his body, he should bathe it.
居丧之礼，头有创则沐，身有疡则浴。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]- 我又要叫你和女人彼此為仇；你的後裔和女人的後裔也彼此為仇。女人的後裔要傷你的頭；你要傷他的腳跟。 [MSC, trad.]
- From: 新標點和合本 (Chinese Union Version with New Punctuation), 創世記 (Genesis) 3:15
- Wǒ yòu yào jiào nǐ hé nǚrén bǐcǐ wéi chóu; nǐ de hòuyì hé nǚrén de hòuyì yě bǐcǐ wéi chóu. Nǚrén de hòuyì yào shāng nǐ de tóu; nǐ yào shāng tā de jiǎogēn. [Pinyin]
- And I will put enmity between thee and the woman, and between thy seed and her seed; it shall bruise thy head, and thou shalt bruise his heel.
我又要叫你和女人彼此为仇；你的后裔和女人的后裔也彼此为仇。女人的后裔要伤你的头；你要伤他的脚跟。 [MSC, simp.]
- hair; hairstyle
- beginning or end
- top; tip; end
- chief; boss; leader (person that leads or directs)
- remnant; end
- first; leading
- (used before a classifier or a numeral) first
- (Cantonese) lead (clarification of this definition is needed)
- (Hakka, Min Nan, dated in Mainland China) station
- 車頭／车头 [Hokkien] ― chhia-thâu [Pe̍h-ōe-jī] ― train station
- side; aspect
- Classifier for livestock. ⇒ all nouns using this classifier
- (dialectal) Classifier for other animals.
- (Min Bei) Classifier for flowers.
SynonymsEdit
- (chief):
Pronunciation 2Edit
DefinitionsEdit
頭
- Suffix that forms nouns.
CompoundsEdit
DescendantsEdit
Others:
- →? Proto-Tai: *truǝᴬ (“head”)
- → Proto-Tai:
ReferencesEdit
- “頭”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
- Dictionary of Chinese Character Variants (教育部異體字字典), A04555
JapaneseEdit
KanjiEdit
- head
- counter for large animals
ReadingsEdit
- Go-on: ず (zu, Jōyō)←づ (du, historical)
- Kan-on: とう (tō, Jōyō)←とう (tou, historical)
- Tō-on: じゅう (jū)←ぢゆう (dyū, historical)
- Kan’yō-on: と (to, Jōyō †)
- Kun: あたま (atama, 頭, Jōyō); かしら (kashira, 頭, Jōyō); かぶり (kaburi, 頭); こうべ (kōbe, 頭)←かうべ (kaube, historical); かみ (kami, 頭); ほとり (hotori, 頭)
- Nanori: かぶ (kabu); かぶし (kabushi); かみ (kami); ちゃん (chan); つぶり (tsuburi); つむ (tsumu); つむり (tsumuri); づ (zu); どたま (dotama)
CompoundsEdit
Etymology 1Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| あたま Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Probably from Old Japanese. First cited in the ten-volume Wamyō Ruijushō of 934 CE.[1]
Unknown derivation. Theories include:
- Compound of 天玉 (a tama, literally “heaven, sky + ball”). This is problematic phonetically, as 天 appears historically as ama or ame, not as just a
- Compound of 当て間 (ate ma, literally “putting something in contact + space, gap”), referring to the head as a moxibustion point. This is also problematic phonetically, as the shift from ate to ata necessitates a change in meaning of the underlying verb. This is also problematic semantically, as the 間 (ma) term refers more specifically to a gap or space.
- Compound of 貴間 (ate ma, literally “noble + space”), referring to the most important part of the body. However, the use of 間 (ma) in this way is again problematic. Moreover, 貴 (ate, “noble”) appears in The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter dating to the 900s CE, while 頭 (atama) with a sense of fontanelle appears in the Wamyō Ruijushō dated 938 CE, leaving insufficient time for either the semantic or phonetic drift required.[1][2]
Historically, this term first appears with a sense of fontanelle, in reference to the soft place on the top of an infant's head where the bones of the skull have not yet fused. As such, a more likely derivation might be as a compound of 当た (ata, “not quite touching, not quite in contact”, possibly a fossilized 未然形 (mizenkei, “incomplete form”) of classical verb 当つ (atsu), root of modern 当たる (ataru, “to touch, to come into contact”)) + 間 (ma, “space, gap, opening”).
PronunciationEdit
- (Tokyo) あたま [àtámáꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[2][3]
- (Tokyo) あたま [àtáꜜmà] (Nakadaka – [2])[2][3]
- IPA(key): [a̠ta̠ma̠]
NounEdit
- head (body part)
- (anatomy, archaic, possibly obsolete) the fontanelle part of the skull
IdiomsEdit
- 頭が良い (atama ga ii): bright, intelligent
- 頭が悪い (atama ga warui): stupid, intellectually challenged
- 頭に来る (atama ni kuru)
- 頭が切れる (atama ga kireru)
- 頭に浮かぶ (atama ni ukabu)
- 頭に入れる (atama ni ireru)
- 頭がおかしい (atama ga okashī)
Further readingEdit
- Etymology entry for 頭 (atama) at Gogen-Yurai Jiten (Etymology and Origin Dictionary; in Japanese): http://gogen-allguide.com/a/atama.html
- Etymology entry for 頭 (atama) at Key: Zatsugaku Jiten (Key: Dictionary of Miscellaneous Knowledge; in Japanese}: http://www.7key.jp/data/language/etymology/a/atama.html#etymology
Etymology 2Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| かしら Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 首 (head of a doll) |
From Old Japanese.[1] Found as a standalone noun in the Man'yōshū, completed some time after 759 CE, and as a counter in the Kojiki, dating to 712 CE.
PronunciationEdit
- The pitch accent for the counter depends on the preceding noun.
CounterEdit
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
- 年頭 (toshigashira, “oldest person”)
- 膝頭 (hizagashira, “kneecap”)
- 前頭 (maegashira, rank-and-file sumo wrestler)
- 頭文字 (kashiramoji)
- 出会い頭 (deaigashira)
Radical names containing 頭:
- 網頭 (ami-gashira, “top 'net' radical”)
- 糸頭 (ito-gashira, “top 'thread' radical”)
- 老頭 (oi-gashira, “top 'old' radical”)
- 髪頭 (kami-gashira, “top 'hair' radical”)
- 彑頭 (kei-gashira, “top 'pig's head' radical”)
- 虎頭 (tora-gashira, “top 'tiger' radical”)
- 冬頭 (fuyu-gashira, “top 'winter' radical”)
- 八頭 (hachi-gashira, “top 'eight' radical”)
- 発頭 (hatsu-gashira, “top 'dotted tent' radical”)
- 人頭 (hito-gashira, “top 'person' radical”)
Etymology 3Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| かぶり Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
Cognate with and shift in meaning from かぶり (kaburi, “covering; hat, crown”), spelled in kanji as 被り or 冠.
PronunciationEdit
- (Tokyo) かぶり [kàbúrí] (Heiban – [0])[2][3]
- (Tokyo) かぶり [kàbúríꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[2][3]
- (Tokyo) かぶり [káꜜbùrì] (Atamadaka – [1])[2][3]
- IPA(key): [ka̠bɯ̟ᵝɾʲi]
NounEdit
IdiomsEdit
- 頭を振る (kaburi o furu, “shake one's head (in denial)”)
Etymology 4Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| かぶ Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
Cognate with 株 (kabu, “stump; root”), from a general sense of lump.[1]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 5Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| つぶり Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
Cognate with 粒 (tsubu, “round thing”, such as a grain), 禿ぶ (tsubu, “to go bald”, from the idea of one's head becoming round), 円ら (tsubura, “round”, adjective), 潰れる (tsubureru, “to become rounded, as from wear and tear, or from crushing”).[1]
Some sources[2] derive this as a shift from 円ら (tsubura, “round”, adjective). However, the phonology and semantics for this do not fit (changing /a/ to /i/, and repurposing the adjectivizing suffix ら to instead form a noun). The modern verb tsubureru had the form tsuburu in older stages of the language. The tsuburi reading for 頭 may more likely represent a nominalization derived from this older verb, following normal patterns for creating nouns from verbs.
Compare Okinawan ちぶる (chiburu, “head”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Etymology 6Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| つむり Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
From tsuburi above. Bilabial plosive /b/ becomes bilabial nasal /m/.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Etymology 7Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| つむ Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
Shortened from tsumuri above.[1]
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 8Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| こうべ Grade: 2 |
| kun’yomi |
| Alternative spelling |
|---|
| 首 |
/kamipe/ → /kampe/ → /kaube/ → /kɔːbe/ → /koːbe/
Compound of either 上 (kami, “upper”) or 髪 (kami, “hair”) (likely cognates) with the suffix 方 (pe, “location, direction”).[1][2][4]
Alternatively, may be an alteration from 頭 (kabu, “head”) + 上 (ue, “up”).[1]
PronunciationEdit
- (Tokyo) こーべ [kòóbé] (Heiban – [0])[2][3]
- (Tokyo) こーべ [kòóbéꜜ] (Odaka – [3])[2][3]
- (Tokyo) こーべ [kóꜜòbè] (Atamadaka – [1])[3]
- IPA(key): [ko̞ːbe̞]
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
Etymology 9Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| どたま Grade: 2 |
| irregular |
Contraction of ど (do-, “super-”, often used ironically as a derogatory prefix) + 頭 (atama, “head”).
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Usage notesEdit
Often spelled in hiragana, as どたま.
Etymology 10Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| ず Grade: 2 |
| goon |
/du/ → /d͡zu/ → /zu/
From Middle Chinese 頭 (MC dəu). The goon reading, so likely an earlier borrowing.
PronunciationEdit
NounEdit
Usage notesEdit
This reading is more often found in compounds, such as 頭痛 (zutsū, “a headache”).
IdiomsEdit
Etymology 11Edit
| Kanji in this term |
|---|
| 頭 |
| とう Grade: 2 |
| kan’on |
From Middle Chinese 頭 (MC dəu). The kan'on reading, so likely a later borrowing. The shift from initial /d/ to voiceless /t/ is due to influence or reborrowing from a later stage of the Chinese language. Compare modern Mandarin reading tóu, Cantonese tau4, Min Nan tao5.
PronunciationEdit
CounterEdit
- counter for certain relatively large animals, or for livestock animals; "head"
- 合わせて 1300 頭余りが出荷され、全国各地に流通した。
- Awasete sensanbyaku tō amari ga shukka sare, zenkoku kakuchi ni ryūtsū shita.
- Altogether over 1300 head of cattle have been distributed throughout the country.
- 三頭の北極熊
- santō no Hokkyokuguma
- three polar bears
- 一頭の羊
- ittō no hitsuji
- one sheep
- 合わせて 1300 頭余りが出荷され、全国各地に流通した。
- counter for insects (used only in biology)
See alsoEdit
| Japanese number-counter combinations for 頭 (tō) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 |
| 一頭 (ittō) | 二頭 (nitō) | 三頭 (santō) | 四頭 (yontō) | 五頭 (gotō) |
| 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| 六頭 (rokutō) | 七頭 (nanatō) 七頭 (shichitō) |
八頭 (hattō) 八頭 (hachitō) |
九頭 (kyūtō) | 十頭 (juttō) 十頭 (jittō) |
| 100 | 1,000 | 10,000 | How many? | |
| 百頭 (hyakutō) | 千頭 (sentō) | 一万頭 (ichimantō) | 何頭 (nantō) | |
NounEdit
Derived termsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1988, 国語大辞典（新装版） (Kokugo Dai Jiten, Revised Edition) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2006, 大辞林 (Daijirin), Third Edition (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 1998, NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK, →ISBN
- ^ 1995, 大辞泉 (Daijisen) (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
KoreanEdit
EtymologyEdit
From Middle Chinese 頭 (MC dəu).
| Historical readings |
|---|
|
PronunciationEdit
- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [tu]
- Phonetic hangul: [두]
HanjaEdit
CompoundsEdit
ReferencesEdit
- 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典. [2]
Northern Amami-OshimaEdit
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
NounEdit
Oki-No-ErabuEdit
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person
OkinawanEdit
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person
Derived termsEdit
- 頭病ん (ちぶるやん, chiburuyan, “headache”)
Southern Amami-OshimaEdit
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu)
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
NounEdit
VietnameseEdit
Han characterEdit
YaeyamaEdit
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana つぶり, romaji tsuburi, hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu, hiragana つぃぶるぃ, romaji tsiburi)
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana つぶり, romaji tsuburi, hiragana つぃぶる, romaji tsiburu, hiragana つぃぶるぃ, romaji tsiburi)
YoronEdit
KanjiEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
EtymologyEdit
Cognate with mainland Japanese 頭 (tsuburi), dialectal 頭 (tsuburo), itself probably a compound of 粒 (tsubu, “round thing, such as a grain”) + ろ (ro, suffix indicating a state or condition).
NounEdit
頭 (hiragana ちぶる, romaji chiburu)
- head
- an intelligent person