-j

See also: Appendix:Variations of "j"

Albanian

Etymology

Related to reflexive pronoun u (“I”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /j/

Suffix

-j

1. Attached to o-stem verbs (in active voice). Indicating 1st person singular; indicative, present.

   Examples of o-stem verbs:

   • afro (“bring closer!”) + -j → afroj (“I bring closer”)

   • barazo (“equalize!”) + -j → barazoj (“I equalize”)

   • krahaso (“compare!”) + -j → krahasoj (“I compare”)

   • shko (“go!”) (2nd pers. singular verb form) + -j (“I”) → shkoj (“I go”)

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Egyptian

Etymology 1

Pronunciation

• (reconstructed Old Egyptian) /Vj/, where V represents an unknown short vowel.

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /i/
  • Conventional anglicization: -i

Suffix

1. Marks the dual form of nouns and adjectives. Attaches to the singular form if feminine or the plural form if masculine.
2. Sometimes added to suffix pronouns attached to dual nouns.

Alternative forms

Often this suffix is represented by writing the phonetic or determinative glyph twice, e.g. for tꜣwj.

Derived terms

• -wj
• -tj

 

Etymology 2

Hypothesized to be from Proto-Afroasiatic *-i (genitive-possessive case ending).

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ij/ → /ij/ → /(ej)/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 B.C.E.) IPA^(key): /ij/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 B.C.E.) IPA^(key): /ij/
• (Late Egyptian, c. 800 B.C.E.) (stressed) IPA^(key): /ej/ or IPA^(key): /eʔ/; (unstressed) silent, but preserves root-final IPA^(key): /t/ or IPA^(key): /ɾ/ that would otherwise be lost

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /i/
  • Conventional anglicization: -i

Suffix

1. Converts nouns (including proper nouns and nisbas used nominally), prepositions, independent pronouns, and numerals into masculine adjectives: the masculine nisba adjective ending.

Alternative forms

This suffix is sometimes not written; in Old Egyptian, such omission is the usual practice.

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of -j  

-j	-y
[Old Egyptian]	[Old Egyptian]

Etymology 3

Hypothesized to be from earlier *-iu or *-iju, from Proto-Afroasiatic *-u (nominative case ending) attached to a root ending in *-i or *-ij.

Pronunciation

 

• (reconstructed) IPA^(key): /ij/ → /ij/ → /(ej)/

• (Old Egyptian, c. 2500 B.C.E.) IPA^(key): /ij/
• (Middle Egyptian, c. 1700 B.C.E.) IPA^(key): /ij/
• (Late Egyptian, c. 800 B.C.E.) (stressed) IPA^(key): /ej/ or IPA^(key): /eʔ/; (unstressed) silent, but preserves root-final IPA^(key): /t/ or IPA^(key): /ɾ/ that would otherwise be lost

• (modern Egyptological) IPA^(key): /i/
  • Conventional anglicization: -i

Suffix

1. Forms i-stem masculine nouns from roots.

Etymology 4

Suffix

1. Forms prepositional adverbs from certain prepositions.

Etymology 5

From the earlier infinitival ending -t; the consonant of this suffix became silent over time, leaving its remaining vowel to be represented by -j.

Suffix

1. Forms the infinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs.

Etymology 6

Suffix

1. Optionally marks the masculine imperfective active participle, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.

Alternative forms

Alternative hieroglyphic writings of -j  

-y

Etymology 7

Suffix

1. Optionally marks the masculine geminated perfective passive participle of strong biliteral verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.

See also

• .j (first-person singular suffix pronoun)

References

• James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN.
• Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
• Allen, James P. (2017) A Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Volume 1: Unis, page 55

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Esperanto

Etymology

From the nominative plural in /i/ or /j/ found in many European languages, particularly the original diphthongs Ancient Greek -οι (-oi), -αι (-ai), and Latin -ae.

Suffix

-j

1. -s. (Marks the plural form of nouns, adjectives, and some pronouns.)

   juna patro (young father) → junaj patroj (young fathers)

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Hungarian

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [j]

Suffix

-j

1. (personal suffix) Used to form the second-person singular subjunctive/imperative of verbs (indefinite conjugation). It is also part of all subjunctive/imperative suffixes in both indefinite and definite conjugations.

   vár (“to wait”) → Várj! ― Wait!

   Várjak? ― Should I wait?

Usage notes

• (subjunctive/imperative suffix) Allomorphs are listed below. For verbs ending in -ik, remove the -ik to determine the correct case.

  -j used in all subjunctive forms not mentioned below

  ír (“to write”) → írj! (“write!”)

  -gy used in the verbs eszik, iszik, lesz, tesz, vesz, visz

  eszik (“to eat”) → egyél! (“eat!”)

  -ggy used only in the verb hisz

  hisz (“to believe”) → higgyél! (“believe!”)

  -jj used only in the verb jön

  jön (“to come”) → jöjj! (“come!”), an archaic variant of the irregular (suppletive) form gyere (“come!”)

  -s used in verbs ending in -t, -s

  tanít (“to teach”) → taníts! (“teach!”)

  újjászületik (“to be born again”) → szüless újjá! (“be born again!”)

  keres (“to seek”) → keress! (“seek!”)

  késik (“to be late”) → ne késs! (“don't be late!”)

  -z used in verbs ending in -z

  hoz (“to bring”) → hozz valamit! (“bring something!”)

  dohányzik (“to smoke”) → ne dohányozz! (“don't smoke!”)

  Ø denotes the covert subjunctive suffix -j in the short form of second-person definite forms

  vár (“to wait”) → várd (vár-Ø-d)! (“wait for it!”)

    Subjunctive/imperative indefinite – personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-jak	-jek
te	2nd person singular	-j
	long form	-jál	-jél
ő maga ön	3rd person singular	-jon	-jen	-jön
	-ik verbs (optional)	-jék
mi	1st person plural	-junk	-jünk
ti	2nd person plural	-jatok	-jetek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural	-janak	-jenek
Verb ending	Assimilation rules of -j
-s -sz -z -dz	The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz
-st -szt	The -t is removed; the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   akaszt →‎ akassz
long vowel + t or consonant + t	The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss
short vowel + t	Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress

    Subjunctive/imperative definite ― personal endings

Person		Back vowel	Front vowel
			unrounded	rounded
én	1st person singular	-jam	-jem
te	2nd person singular	-d
	long form	-jad	-jed
ő maga ön	3rd person singular	-ja	-je
mi	1st person plural	-juk	-jük
ti	2nd person plural	-játok	-jétek
ők maguk önök	3rd person plural	-ják	-jék
én	1st person singular subject with 2nd person object	-jalak	-jelek
Verb ending	Assimilation rules of -j
s sz z dz	The -j assimilates to the verb ending:   keres →‎ keress   metsz →‎ metssz   hoz →‎ hozz   edz →‎ eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.)
st szt	The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz:   fest →‎ fess   akaszt →‎ akassz Short -d forms: fesd, akaszd.
long vowel + t or consonant + t	The -j becomes -s:   segít →‎ segíts   bont →‎ bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd.
short vowel + t	Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s:   mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd.

See also

• Category:Hungarian verb forms
• Appendix:Hungarian suffixes