-j
AlbanianEdit
EtymologyEdit
Related to reflexive pronoun u (“I”).
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-j
- Attached to o-stem verbs (in active voice). Indicating 1st person singular; indicative, present.
EgyptianEdit
Etymology 1Edit
PronunciationEdit
- (reconstructed Old Egyptian) /Vj/, where V represents an unknown short vowel.
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /i/
- Conventional anglicization: -i
SuffixEdit
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- Marks the dual form of nouns and adjectives. Attaches to the singular form if feminine or the plural form if masculine.
- Sometimes added to suffix pronouns attached to dual nouns.
Alternative formsEdit
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Derived termsEdit
Etymology 2Edit
Hypothesized to be from Proto-Afroasiatic *-i (genitive-possessive case ending).
PronunciationEdit
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ij/ → /ij/ → /(ej)/
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /i/
- Conventional anglicization: -i
SuffixEdit
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- Converts nouns (including proper nouns and nisbas used nominally), prepositions, independent pronouns, and numerals into masculine adjectives: the masculine nisba adjective ending.
Usage notesEdit
In Old Egyptian this suffix was still productive. By Late Egyptian this was no longer the case, and adjectives with the suffix were lexicalized.
Alternative formsEdit
This suffix is sometimes not written; in Old Egyptian, such omission is the usual practice.
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-j | -y | |||||
[Old Egyptian] | [Old Egyptian] |
Etymology 3Edit
Hypothesized to be from earlier *-iu or *-iju, from Proto-Afroasiatic *-u (nominative case ending) attached to a root ending in *-i or *-ij.
PronunciationEdit
- (reconstructed) IPA(key): /ij/ → /ij/ → /(ej)/
- (modern Egyptological) IPA(key): /i/
- Conventional anglicization: -i
SuffixEdit
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- Forms i-stem masculine nouns from roots.
Etymology 4Edit
SuffixEdit
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- Forms prepositional adverbs from certain prepositions.
Etymology 5Edit
From the earlier infinitival ending -t; the consonant of this suffix became silent over time, leaving its remaining vowel to be represented by -j.
SuffixEdit
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- Forms the infinitive of anomalous verbs, weak verbs (except for fourth weak verbs with a geminated stem), and causative biliteral verbs.
Etymology 6Edit
SuffixEdit
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- Optionally marks the masculine imperfective active participle, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.
Alternative formsEdit
Etymology 7Edit
SuffixEdit
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- Optionally marks the masculine geminated perfective passive participle of strong biliteral verbs, intervening between the stem and the gender/number endings.
See alsoEdit
- .j (first-person singular suffix pronoun)
ReferencesEdit
- James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, 51, 61, 91, 95, 165, 328–329 page 39–40, 51, 61, 91, 95, 165, 328–329.
- Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN
- Allen, James P. (2017) A Grammar of the Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts, Volume 1: Unis, page 55
- Junge, Friedrich (2005) Late Egyptian Grammar: An Introduction, second English edition, Oxford: Griffith Institute, page 65
EsperantoEdit
EtymologyEdit
From the nominative plural in /i/ or /j/ found in many European languages, particularly the original diphthongs Ancient Greek -οι (-oi), -αι (-ai), and Latin -ae.
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-j
HungarianEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-j
- (personal suffix) Used to form the second-person singular subjunctive/imperative of verbs (indefinite conjugation). It is also part of all subjunctive/imperative suffixes in both indefinite and definite conjugations.
- vár (“to wait”) → Várj! ― Wait!
- Várjak? ― Should I wait?
Usage notesEdit
- (subjunctive/imperative suffix) Allomorphs are listed below. For verbs ending in -ik, remove the -ik to determine the correct case.
- -j used in all subjunctive forms not mentioned below
- -gy used in the verbs eszik, iszik, lesz, tesz, vesz, visz
- -ggy used only in the verb hisz
- -jj used only in the verb jön
- jön (“to come”) → jöjj! (“come!”), an archaic/literary variant of the irregular (suppletive) form gyere (“come!”)
- -s used in verbs ending in -t and -s, compare yod coalescence
- tanít (“to teach”) → taníts! (“teach!”)
- újjászületik (“to be born again”) → szüless újjá! (“be born again!”)
- keres (“to seek”) → keress! (“seek!”)
- késik (“to be late”) → ne késs! (“don't be late!”)
- -z used in verbs ending in -z
- hoz (“to bring”) → hozz valamit! (“bring something!”)
- dohányzik (“to smoke”) → ne dohányozz! (“don't smoke!”)
- ∅ denotes the covert subjunctive suffix -j in the short form of second-person singular definite forms
- vár (“to wait”) → várd (vár-∅-d)! (“wait for him/her/it!”)
Person | Back vowel |
Front vowel | |||
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unrounded | rounded | ||||
én | 1st person singular | -jak | -jek | ||
te | 2nd person singular | -j | |||
long form | -jál | -jél | |||
ő maga ön |
3rd person singular | -jon | -jen | -jön | |
-ik verbs (optional) | -jék | ||||
mi | 1st person plural | -junk | -jünk | ||
ti | 2nd person plural | -jatok | -jetek | ||
ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural | -janak | -jenek | ||
See also: present-tense definite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | |||||
Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | ||||
-s -sz -z -dz |
The -j assimilates to the verb ending: keres → keress metsz → metssz hoz → hozz edz → eddz | ||||
-st -szt |
The -t is removed; the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz: fest → fess fáraszt → fárassz | ||||
long vowel + t or consonant + t |
The -j becomes -s: segít → segíts bont → bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss | ||||
short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s: mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress |
Person | Back vowel |
Front vowel | ||
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én | 1st person singular | -jam | -jem | |
te | 2nd person singular | -d | ||
long form | -jad | -jed | ||
ő maga ön |
3rd person singular | -ja | -je | |
mi | 1st person plural | -juk | -jük | |
ti | 2nd person plural | -játok | -jétek | |
ők maguk önök |
3rd person plural | -ják | -jék | |
See also: present-tense indefinite-object suffixes and second-person-object suffixes for informal addressing. | ||||
Verb ending | Assimilation rules of -j | |||
s sz z dz |
The -j assimilates to the verb ending: keres → keress metsz → metssz hoz → hozz edz → eddz (No change in the short -d form of 2nd-person singular definite: keresd, metszd, hozd, edzd.) | |||
st szt |
The -t is removed, the -j assimilates to the -s, -sz: fest → fess fáraszt → fárassz Short -d forms: fesd, fáraszd. | |||
long vowel + t or consonant + t |
The -j becomes -s: segít → segíts bont → bonts Exceptions: bocsát → bocsáss, lát → láss Short -d forms: segítsd, bontsd; lásd, bocsásd. | |||
short vowel + t | Both the stem-final -t and the -j become -s: mutat → mutass, szeret → szeress Short -d forms: mutasd, szeresd. |
See alsoEdit
PolishEdit
Alternative formsEdit
PronunciationEdit
SuffixEdit
-j
- Forms imperatives of vowel stems