Presentation
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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
No.
English
Caló chipicallí 1
I
menda man 2
you (singular)
tucue tute tue 3
he , she , it
ó 4
we
amangue mu 5
you (plural)
sangue 6
they
junós sirás 7
this
ocona 8
that
ocola 9
here
acoi 10
there
oté aotal 11
who
coin 12
what
sos 13
where
duque 14
when
pur 15
how
sata 16
not
nanai 17
all
saró 18
many
frimé 19
some
yeque 20
few
butré 21
other
aver 22
one
yequé 23
two
dui 24
three
trin 25
four
ostar 26
five
panche 27
big
baró 28
long
lachinguel 29
wide
aulé 30
thick
31
heavy
estongeró 32
small
chinorré 33
short
tiquiñó 34
narrow
trujon 35
thin
jucó 36
woman
cachí 37
man (adult male)
manú 38
man (human being)
elabel 39
child
chinorré 40
wife
romí 41
husband
ró rom 42
mother
bata dai chindai 43
father
bato batú 44
animal
bustronel 45
fish
maché 46
bird
chiricló 47
dog
tamború chuquel 48
louse
chugao 49
snake
sarapé julistraba 50
worm
quirmó 51
tree
arberuqué erulé 52
forest
toberjelí 53
stick
casté 54
fruit
55
seed
56
leaf
parojí orapaja oropatia 57
root
58
bark (of a tree)
orují chilica 59
flower
zujemia 60
grass
cha 61
rope
rapela 62
skin
postí 63
meat
crioja 64
blood
arate 65
bone
cocalé 66
fat (noun)
putirichí chullimí 67
egg
anró albaire 68
horn
rogó nogué 69
tail
mamporí 70
feather
porumí 71
hair
bal bale 72
head
jeró chola 73
ear
gerta can 74
eye
aquí 75
nose
napia ñacle nacrí naquí 76
mouth
rotuñí retuñí muí 77
tooth
piño 78
tongue (organ)
chipí 79
fingernail
turra ñaí 80
foot
pinré 81
leg
pachimachí pachimí jeriá 82
knee
chanclí rullistaque 83
hand
bate baste 84
wing
ondina mutrí 85
belly
po poriá 86
guts
porría 87
neck
canró garló 88
back
espulví varandía palá 89
breast
poste cuchá 90
heart
garlochín carlochín 91
liver
bucó 92
to drink
privar piyar tapiyar 93
to eat
jamar pallipear 94
to bite
95
to suck
jaramar mamisarar 96
to spit
chiotar chiscar chismar 97
to vomit
98
to blow
chumasquerar 99
to breathe
resuñar arispar 100
to laugh
guirrar salar 101
to see
dicar endicar apicharar 102
to hear
junar 103
to know
104
to think
orobrar penchabar 105
to smell
jinglar 106
to fear
canguelar 107
to sleep
sobar 108
to live
apuchelar 109
to die
espichar merar esmerar 110
to kill
mulabar marar tasabar tasabelar 111
to fight
chicarelar 112
to hunt
cholarar 113
to hit
chaltrar curarar 114
to cut
chinar velar 115
to split
partisarelar aginar asparabar nacar naquelar nichobelar 116
to stab
baraustar 117
to scratch
ñaicar arisojar 118
to dig
119
to swim
chapalatear ñañabar 120
to fly
balogar 121
to walk
pirar pirelar chalar 122
to come
abillar 123
to lie (as in a bed)
124
to sit
125
to stand
126
to turn (intransitive)
trutar 127
to fall
opelar perar 128
to give
diñar diñelar 129
to hold
abelar terablar 130
to squeeze
trinquelar pandelar 131
to rub
132
to wash
malipiar muchobeIar chobelar 133
to wipe
alipiar julabelar malipiar 134
to pull
135
to push
pinjempar 136
to throw
bucharelar 137
to tie
pandar pandebrar ñaquibar 138
to sew
sibar 139
to count
penar jinar 140
to say
penar 141
to sing
guiyabar 142
to play
ficar 143
to float
144
to flow
145
to freeze
146
to swell
147
sun
cam ocán orcán 148
moon
chimutre 149
star
uchurgañí 150
water
pañí 151
rain
brijinda 152
river
leste len 153
lake
chenopañí 154
sea
moró pañibaró 155
salt
lon 156
stone
bar barendañí 157
sand
ardombardí 158
dust
pracó 159
earth
chen jolilí pu 160
cloud
paré paró 161
fog
cohedí 162
sky
otalpe charó tarpe 163
wind
bear barbán 164
snow
jibé 165
ice
jecó 166
smoke
hua 167
fire
llagulé yaque 168
ash
169
to burn
jachar 170
road
dron 171
mountain
bur play toberjelí 172
red
173
green
bardorí 174
yellow
batacolé 175
white
plasnó 176
black
gallardó 177
night
arachí rachí tarachí 178
day
chibel 179
year
dané breje 180
warm
181
cold
barojil 182
full
perdó perelaló 183
new
nebó 184
old
puré 185
good
lachó 186
bad
bastal chorré malorré nasaló tuyaló 187
rotten
188
dirty
jindó 189
straight
190
round
borondo rendepé 191
sharp (as a knife)
192
dull (as a knife)
193
smooth
194
wet
195
dry
bipanioso jairó 196
correct
197
near
sumparal 198
far
dur 199
right
bustarí 200
left
yesdra 201
at
á 202
in
an on andré 203
with
sat sar 204
and
y ta 205
if
unga 206
because
presas 207
name
nao
References
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J. Tineo Rebolledo (1900) A Chipicalli (La Llengua Gitana) [1] →OCLC
Francisco Quindalé (1867) Diccionario gitano [2]
“Vocabulario : Caló - Español”, in Portal del Flamenco y Universidad [3] (Can we date this quote?) Swadesh lists Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
Reconstructed proto-languages
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