Appendix:Galician pronouns
Personal pronouns Edit
Inflection Edit
nominative | oblique 1 | objective | ||||||
Person | No | Gender | subject | plain | con + form 2 | indirect object | direct object | reflexive |
1st | sg | eu | min | comigo | me | me | me | |
2nd | sg | ti | ti | contigo | che | te | te | |
3rd | sg | m | el | el, si 4 | consigo | lle | o, lo, no 5 | se |
3rd | sg | f | ela | ela, si 4 | consigo | lle | a, la, na 5 | se |
1st | pl | nós, nosoutros -as 3 | connosco | nos | nos | nos | ||
2nd | pl | vós, vosoutros -as | convosco | vos | vos | vos | ||
3rd | pl | m | eles | eles, si 4 | consigo | lles | os, los, nos 5 | se |
3rd | pl | f | elas | elas, si 4 | consigo | lles | as, las, nas 5 | se |
1 Oblique forms are used following most prepositions. 2 All personal pronouns compound with the preposition con, but the meaning varies with grammatical person (see below). 3 The longer alternative forms may be used when there is a possibility of confusion with the contraction nos (“in the”). 4 The pronoun si is the reflexive third-person form in both the singular and plural. 5 The forms prefixed with l- or n- are used only in certain cases for consonantal agreement (see below). |
Usage Edit
Nominative forms Edit
Nominative forms of Galician pronouns function as the subject of a sentence. However, because Galician verb conjugation implies the subject pronoun, these forms are often omitted except in cases where the subject pronoun is given emphasis.
- Subject implied by verb:
- Son de España. — “I am from Spain.”
- Subject given for emphasis:
- El é de Portugal, pero eu son de España. — “He is from Portugal, but I am from Spain.”
- Subject implied by verb:
Accusative inflection Edit
The third-person pronouns o, os, a, and as, have variant forms prefixed with l- or n-. These alternative forms appear depending on the ending of the preceding word. The l- forms are used when the preceding word ends in -r or -s. The n- forms are used when the preceding word ends in a -u or a diphthong. These alternative forms are then suffixed to the preceding word.
In all other situations, the standard forms of the pronouns are used (o, os, a, as) and are not suffixed to the preceding word.
Compounds with con Edit
All personal pronouns may compound with the preposition con (“with”), but the meaning varies with grammatical person. Such first and second person compounds may function as an objective or reflexive form, e.g. comigo (“with me; with myself”), but third person compounds may function only as a reflexive form, e.g. consigo (“with himself/herself”).
Dative-accusative contractions Edit
The third-person oblique pronouns el, ela, eles, and elas form contractions when they follow the prepositions de (“of, from”) or en (“in”). For example, de el contracts to del and en elas contracts to nelas.
The third-person accusative pronouns o, a, os, as, lo, la, los, and las form contractions when they follow a dative pronoun.
Dative pronoun | Accusative 3rd-person pronoun | ||||
Pers. / No. | Pronoun | o, lo | os, los | a, la | as, las |
1st sg | me | mo | mos | ma | mas |
2nd sg | che | cho | chos | cha | chas |
3rd sg | lle | llo | llos | lla | llas |
1st pl | nos | nolo | nolos | nola | nolas |
2nd pl | vos | volo | volos | vola | volas |
3rd pl | lles | llelo | llelos | llela | llelas |
These contracted forms may be added as a suffix to the preceding verb.
Possessive pronouns Edit
Possessive pronouns are a special class of personal pronouns which indicate a relationship of ownership or possession. However, they may serve as either as a pronoun or as an adjective.
Inflection Edit
Grammar of the possesor | Grammar of the associated noun | ||||
Person | No | m sg | m/c pl | f sg | f pl |
1st | sg | meu | meus | miña | miñas |
2nd | sg | teu | teus | túa | túas |
3rd | sg | seu | seus | súa | súas |
Person | No | m sg | m/c pl | f sg | f pl |
1st | pl | noso | nosos | nosa | nosas |
2nd | pl | voso | vosos | vosa | vosas |
3rd | pl | seu | seus | súa | súas |
Usage Edit
The choice of gender and number matches the noun possessed, not the gender and number of the possessor.
The possessives may be suffixed to the preceding word.
Demonstratives Edit
The demonstratives are another class of pronoun that have both pronomial and adjectival functions.
Inflection Edit
Masculine | Feminine | Neuter 1 | ||||||
Remoteness | sg | pl | sg | pl | sg | pl | ||
"this" (here) | este | estes | esta | estas | isto | — | ||
"that" (there) | ese | eses | esa | esas | iso | — | ||
"that" (over there) | aquel | aqueles | aquela | aquelas | aquilo | — | ||
1 Galician does not have neuter nouns; neuter forms function only as pronouns, never as adjectives. |
Contractions Edit
The demonstrative pronouns form contractions when used following the prepositions de (“of, from”) and en (“in”). For example, de este contracts to deste and en aquela contracts to naquela.
The demonstrative pronouns also form contractions when they precede the determiner outro (“other, another”). For example, este outro contracts to estoutro and aquelas outras contracts to aqueloutras.