Appendix:Hakka Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Hakka, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
Romanisation scheme used is Pha̍k-fa-sṳ. Data gathered from several varieties of Yuetai Hakka, but pronunciation taken from Miaoli Northern Siyen Hakka.
| № | English | Hakka 粵台客家話／粤台客家话 edit (207) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 𠊎 (ngài) | ŋai¹¹ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 汝 (ngì) | ɲi¹¹ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 佢 (kì) | ki¹¹ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 𠊎等 (ngài-tén) | ŋai¹¹ ten³¹ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 汝等 (ngì-tén) | ɲi¹¹ ten³¹ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 佢等 (kì-tén) | ki¹¹ ten³¹ |
| 7 | this | 這／这 (liá) | lia³¹ |
| 8 | that | 該／该 (kâi) | ke⁵⁵ |
| 9 | here | 這兜／这兜 (liá-têu) | lia³¹ teu²⁴ |
| 10 | there | 該兜／该兜 (kâi-têu) | ke⁵⁵ teu²⁴ |
| 11 | who | 麼人／么人 (má-ngìn), 何人 (hò-ngìn), 麼儕／么侪 (má-sà) | ma³¹ ɲin¹¹, ho¹¹ ɲin¹¹, ma³¹ sa¹¹ |
| 12 | what | 麼个 (má-ke) | ma³¹ ke⁵⁵ |
| 13 | where | 哪 (nâ) | nai⁵⁵ |
| 14 | when | 哪時／哪时 (nâ-sṳ̀) | nai⁵⁵ sɨ¹¹ |
| 15 | how | 仰般 (ngióng-pân) | ɲioŋ³¹ pan²⁴ |
| 16 | not | 毋 (m̀) | mu¹¹ |
| 17 | all | 所有 (só-yû) | so³¹ iu²⁴ |
| 18 | many | 多 (tô) | to²⁴ |
| 19 | some | 兜 (têu) | teu²⁴ |
| 20 | few | 少 (séu) | seu³¹ |
| 21 | other | 其他 (khì-thâ) | kʰi¹¹ tʰa²⁴ |
| 22 | one | 一 (yit) | it² |
| 23 | two | 二 (ngi), 兩／两 (lióng) | ɲi⁵⁵, lioŋ³¹ |
| 24 | three | 三 (sâm) | sam²⁴ |
| 25 | four | 四 (si) | ɕi⁵⁵ |
| 26 | five | 五 (ńg) | ŋ³¹ |
| 27 | big | 大 (thai) | tʰai⁵⁵ |
| 28 | long | 長／长 (chhòng) | tsʰoŋ¹¹ |
| 29 | wide | 寬／宽 (khôn) | kʰon²⁴ |
| 30 | thick | 厚 (heu) | heu⁵⁵ |
| 31 | heavy | 重 (chûng) | tsʰuŋ²⁴ |
| 32 | small | 小 (séu) | seu³¹ |
| 33 | short | 短 (tón) | ton³¹ |
| 34 | narrow | 窄 (chak) | tsak² |
| 35 | thin | 薄 (pho̍k), 瘦 (chheu) | pʰok⁵, tsʰeu⁵⁵ |
| 36 | woman | 細妹人／细妹人 (se-moi-ngìn), 妹仔人 (moi-é-ngìn), 女 (ńg), 婦女／妇女 (fu-ńg) | se⁵⁵ moi⁵⁵ ɲin¹¹, moi⁵⁵ e³¹ ɲin¹¹, ŋ³¹, fu⁵⁵ ŋ³¹ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 細倈人／细俫人 (se-lai-ngìn), 男仔人 (nàm-é-ngìn), 男 (nàm), 男子 (nàm-chṳ́) | se⁵⁵ lai⁵⁵ ɲin¹¹, nam¹¹ e³¹ ɲin¹¹, nam¹¹, nam¹¹ tsɨ³¹ |
| 38 | man (human being) | 人 (ngìn) | ɲin¹¹ |
| 39 | child | 細人仔／细人仔 (se-ngìn-é) | se⁵⁵ ɲin¹¹ e¹¹ |
| 40 | wife | 餔娘／𫗦娘 (bû-ngiòng), 太太 (thai-thai) | pu²⁴ ɲioŋ¹¹, tʰai⁵⁵ tʰai⁵⁵ |
| 41 | husband | 丈夫 (chhông-fû), 老公 (ló-kûng) | tsʰoŋ⁵⁵ fu²⁴, lo³¹ kuŋ²⁴ |
| 42 | mother | 阿姆 (â-mê) | a²⁴⁻¹¹ me²⁴ |
| 43 | father | 阿爸 (â-pâ) | a²⁴⁻¹¹ pa²⁴ |
| 44 | animal | 動物／动物 (thung-vu̍t) | tʰuŋ⁵⁵ vut⁵ |
| 45 | fish | 魚仔／鱼仔 (ǹg-é) | ŋ¹¹ e³¹ |
| 46 | bird | 鳥仔／鸟仔 (tiâu-é) | tiau²⁴ e³¹ |
| 47 | dog | 狗仔 (kiéu-é) | kieu³¹ e³¹ |
| 48 | louse | 蝨／虱 (set) | set² |
| 49 | snake | 蛇 (sà) | sa¹¹ |
| 50 | worm | 蟲仔／虫仔 (chhùng-é), 昆蟲／昆虫 (khûn-chhùng) | tsʰuŋ¹¹ e³¹, kʰun²⁴ tsʰuŋ¹¹ |
| 51 | tree | 樹／树 (su) | su⁵⁵ |
| 52 | forest | 森林 (sêm-lìm) | sem²⁴ lim¹¹ |
| 53 | stick | 樹椏／树桠 (su-â) | su⁵⁵ a²⁴ |
| 54 | fruit | 果子 (kó-chṳ́) | ko³¹ tsɨ³¹ |
| 55 | seed | 種／种 (chúng) | tsung³¹ |
| 56 | leaf | 葉仔／叶仔 (ya̍p-é) | iap⁵ e³¹ |
| 57 | root | 根 (kîn) | kin²⁴ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 樹皮／树皮 (su-phì) | su⁵⁵ pʰi¹¹ |
| 59 | flower | 花 (fâ) | fa²⁴ |
| 60 | grass | 草 (chhó) | tsʰo³¹ |
| 61 | rope | 索仔 (sok-é) | sok² e³¹⁻¹¹ |
| 62 | skin | 皮膚／皮肤 (phì-fû) | pʰi¹¹ fu²⁴ |
| 63 | meat | 肉 (ngiuk) | ɲiuk² |
| 64 | blood | 血 (hiet) | hiet² |
| 65 | bone | 骨 (kut), 骨頭／骨头 (kut-thèu) | kut², kut² tʰeu¹¹ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 脂肪 (chṳ̂-fòng) | tsɨ²⁴ foŋ¹¹ |
| 67 | egg | 卵 (lón) | lon³¹ |
| 68 | horn | 角 (kok) | kok² |
| 69 | tail | 尾 (mî) | mi²⁴ |
| 70 | feather | 羽毛 (yí-mô) | i³¹ mo²⁴ |
| 71 | hair | 頭那毛／头那毛 (theù-nà-mô) (on head) | tʰeu¹¹ na¹¹ mo²⁴ |
| 72 | head | 頭那／头那 (theù-nà) | tʰeu¹¹ na¹¹ |
| 73 | ear | 耳公 (ngí-kûng) | ɲi³¹ kuŋ²⁴ |
| 74 | eye | 目珠 (muk-chû) | muk² tsu²⁴ |
| 75 | nose | 鼻 (phi) | pʰi⁵⁵ |
| 76 | mouth | 嘴 (choi) | tsoi⁵⁵ |
| 77 | tooth | 牙 (ngà), 牙齒／牙齿 (ngà-chhṳ́) | ŋa¹¹, ŋa¹¹ tsʰɨ³¹ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 舌嫲 (sa̍t-mà) | sat⁵ ma¹¹ |
| 79 | fingernail | 指甲 (chṳ́-kap) | tsɨ³¹ kap² |
| 80 | foot | 腳／脚 (kiok) | kiok² |
| 81 | leg | 腳髀／脚髀 (kiok-pí) | kiok² pi³¹ |
| 82 | knee | 膝頭／膝头 (chhit-theù) | tɕʰit² tʰeu¹¹ |
| 83 | hand | 手 (sú) | su³¹ |
| 84 | wing | 翼胛 (yi̍t-kap) | it⁵ kap² |
| 85 | belly | 肚屎 (tú-sṳ́) | tu³¹ sɨ³¹ |
| 86 | guts | 腸／肠 (chhòng) | tsʰoŋ¹¹ |
| 87 | neck | 頸根／颈根 (kiáng-kîn) | kiaŋ³¹ kin²⁴ |
| 88 | back | 背囊 (poi-nòng) | poi⁵⁵ noŋ¹¹ |
| 89 | breast | 乳菇 (nen-kû) | nen⁵⁵ ku²⁴ |
| 90 | heart | 心臟／心脏 (sîm-chhong) | ɕim²⁴⁻¹¹ tsʰoŋ⁵⁵ |
| 91 | liver | 肝臟／肝脏 (kôn-chhong) | kon²⁴ tsʰoŋ³¹ |
| 92 | to drink | 啉 (lîm) | lim²⁴ |
| 93 | to eat | 食 (sṳ̍t) | sɨt⁵ |
| 94 | to bite | 咬 (ngâu) | ŋau²⁴ |
| 95 | to suck | 吮 (chhiôn) | tɕʰion²⁴ |
| 96 | to spit | 哯／𠯟 (lién) | lien³¹ |
| 97 | to vomit | 嘔／呕 (éu), 翻 (phôn) | eu³¹, pʰon²⁴ |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 (chhôi), 歕／𬅫 (pùn) | tsʰoi²⁴, pun¹¹ |
| 99 | to breathe | 敨氣／敨气 (théu-hì) | tʰeu³¹ hi⁵⁵ |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑 (seu) | seu⁵⁵ |
| 101 | to see | 看 (khon) | kʰon⁵⁵ |
| 102 | to hear | 聽／听 (thâng) | tʰaŋ²⁴ |
| 103 | to know | 知 (tî), 知得 (tî tet) | ti²⁴, ti²⁴ tet² |
| 104 | to think | 想 (sióng) | ɕioŋ³¹ |
| 105 | to smell | 鼻 (phi) | pʰi⁵⁵ |
| 106 | to fear | 驚／惊 (kiâng) | kiaŋ²⁴ |
| 107 | to sleep | 睡目 (soi-muk) | soi⁵⁵ muk² |
| 108 | to live | 生 (sâng) | saŋ²⁴ |
| 109 | to die | 死 (sí) | ɕi³¹ |
| 110 | to kill | 㓾 (chhṳ̀) | tsʰɨ¹¹ |
| 111 | to fight | 相打 (siông-tá) | ɕioŋ²⁴ ta³¹ |
| 112 | to hunt | 打獵／打猎 (tá-lia̍p) | ta³¹ liap⁵ |
| 113 | to hit | 打 (tá) | ta³¹ |
| 114 | to cut | 割 (kot) | kot² |
| 115 | to split | 擘開／擘开 (pak-khôi) | pak² kʰoi²⁴ |
| 116 | to stab | 刺 (chhiuk) | tsʰɨ⁵⁵ |
| 117 | to scratch | 挖 (yet) | iet² |
| 118 | to dig | 挖 (yet) | iet² |
| 119 | to swim | 泅水 (tsiù-súi) | tɕʰiu¹¹ sui³¹ |
| 120 | to fly | 飛／飞 (pî) | pi²⁴ |
| 121 | to walk | 行 (hàng) | haŋ¹¹ |
| 122 | to come | 來／来 (loi2) | loi¹¹ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 睡 (soi4) | soi⁵⁵ |
| 124 | to sit | 坐 (chhô) | tsʰo²⁴ |
| 125 | to stand | 徛 (kî) | kʰi²⁴ |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 轉／转 (chón) | tson³¹ |
| 127 | to fall | 跌 (tiet) | tiet² |
| 128 | to give | 分 (pûn) | pun²⁴ |
| 129 | to hold | 擎 (khià) | kʰia¹¹ |
| 130 | to squeeze | 撚 (ngién) | ɲien³¹ |
| 131 | to rub | 捽 (chhu̍t) | tsʰut⁵ |
| 132 | to wash | 洗 (sé) | se³¹ |
| 133 | to wipe | 捽 (chhu̍t) | tsʰut⁵ |
| 134 | to pull | 挷 (pâng) | paŋ²⁴ |
| 135 | to push | 𢱤 (súng) | suŋ³¹ |
| 136 | to throw | 擲／掷 (te̍p) | tep⁵ |
| 137 | to tie | 綁／绑 (póng) | poŋ³¹ |
| 138 | to sew | 聯／联 (liòn) | lion¹¹ |
| 139 | to count | 算 (son) | son⁵⁵ |
| 140 | to say | 講／讲 (kóng) | koŋ³¹ |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 (chhong) | tsʰoŋ⁵⁵ |
| 142 | to play | 搞 (káu), 嫽 (liau) | kau³¹, liau⁵⁵ |
| 143 | to float | 浮 (fù) | fu¹¹ |
| 144 | to flow | 流 (liù) | liu¹¹ |
| 145 | to freeze | 凍結／冻结 (tung-kiet) | tuŋ⁵⁵ kiet² |
| 146 | to swell | 腫／肿 (chúng) | tsuŋ³¹ |
| 147 | sun | 日頭／日头 (ngit-thèu) | ɲit² tʰeu¹¹ |
| 148 | moon | 月光 (ngie̍t-kông) | ɲiet⁵ koŋ²⁴ |
| 149 | star | 星仔 (sên-é) | sen²⁴ e³¹ |
| 150 | water | 水 (súi) | sui³¹ |
| 151 | rain | 雨 (yí) | i³¹ |
| 152 | river | 河 (hò) | ho¹¹ |
| 153 | lake | 湖 (fù) | fu¹¹ |
| 154 | sea | 海 (hói) | hoi³¹ |
| 155 | salt | 鹽／盐 (yàm) | iam¹¹ |
| 156 | stone | 石牯 (sa̍k-kú) | sak⁵ ku³¹ |
| 157 | sand | 沙 (sâ) | sa²⁴ |
| 158 | dust | 塵灰／尘灰 (chhṳ̀n-fôi) | tsʰɨn¹¹ foi²⁴ |
| 159 | earth | 土地 (thú-thi) | tʰu³¹ tʰi⁵⁵ |
| 160 | cloud | 雲／云 (yun2) | iun¹¹ |
| 161 | fog | 濛沙／蒙沙 (mùng-sâ) | muŋ¹¹ sa²⁴ |
| 162 | sky | 天 (thiên) | tʰien²⁴ |
| 163 | wind | 風／风 (fûng) | fuŋ²⁴ |
| 164 | snow | 雪 (siet) | ɕiet² |
| 165 | ice | 冰 (pên) | pen²⁴ |
| 166 | smoke | 煙／烟 (yên) | ien²⁴ |
| 167 | fire | 火 (fó) | fo³¹ |
| 168 | ash | 灰 (fôi) | foi²⁴ |
| 169 | to burn | 燒／烧 (sêu) | seu²⁴ |
| 170 | road | 路 (lu) | lu⁵⁵ |
| 171 | mountain | 山 (sân) | san²⁴ |
| 172 | red | 紅色／红色 (fùng-set) | fuŋ¹¹ set² |
| 173 | green | 青色 (chhiâng-set) | tɕʰiaŋ²⁴ set² |
| 174 | yellow | 黃色／黄色 (vòng-set) | voŋ¹¹ set² |
| 175 | white | 白色 (pha̍k-set) | pʰak⁵ set² |
| 176 | black | 烏色／乌色 (vû-set) | vu²⁴ set² |
| 177 | night | 暗晡 (am-pû) | am⁵⁵ pu²⁴ |
| 178 | day | 日時頭／日时头 (ngit-sṳ̀-thèu) | ɲit² sɨ¹¹ tʰeu¹¹ |
| 179 | year | 年 (ngièn) | ɲien¹¹ |
| 180 | warm | 熱／热 (ngie̍t) | ɲiet⁵ |
| 181 | cold | 冷 (lâng) | laŋ²⁴ |
| 182 | full | 滿／满 (muāng) | man²⁴ |
| 183 | new | 新 (sîn) | ɕin²⁴ |
| 184 | old | 老 (ló), 舊／旧 (khiu) (not new) | lo³¹, kʰiu⁵⁵ |
| 185 | good | 好 (hó) | ho³¹ |
| 186 | bad | 壞／坏 (fái) | fai³¹ |
| 187 | rotten | 壞／坏 (fái) | fai³¹ |
| 188 | dirty | 垃圾 (lá-sap) | la³¹ sep² |
| 189 | straight | 直 (chhṳ̍t) | tsʰɨt̚⁵ |
| 190 | round | 圓／圆 (yèn) | ien¹¹ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 尖 (chiâm) | tɕiam²⁴ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 鈍／钝 (thun) | tʰun⁵⁵ |
| 193 | smooth | 滑 (va̍t) | vat⁵ |
| 194 | wet | 濕／湿 (sṳp) | sɨp² |
| 195 | dry | 燥 (châu) | tsau²⁴ |
| 196 | correct | 著 (chho̍k) | tsʰok̚⁵ |
| 197 | near | 近 (khiûn) | kʰiun⁵⁵ |
| 198 | far | 遠／远 (yèn) | ien³¹ |
| 199 | right | 右 (yu) | iu⁵⁵ |
| 200 | left | 左 (chó) | tso³¹ |
| 201 | at | 在 (chhai) | tsʰai⁵⁵ |
| 202 | in | 在 (chhai) | tsʰai⁵⁵ |
| 203 | with | 撈／捞 (lâu), 同 (thùng) | leu¹¹, tʰuŋ¹¹ |
| 204 | and | 撈／捞 (lâu), 同 (thùng) | leu¹¹, tʰuŋ¹¹ |
| 205 | if | 若係／若系 (na-he) | na⁵⁵ he⁵⁵ |
| 206 | because | 因為／因为 (yîn-vì), 因爭／因争 (yîn-chên) | in²⁴⁻¹¹ vi⁵⁵, in²⁴ tsen²⁴ |
| 207 | name | 名 (miàng) | miaŋ¹¹ |