Appendix:Komi-Zyrian Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Komi-Zyrian, compared with definitions in English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
| № | English | Komi-Zyrian Коми кыв (Komi kyv) edit (207) |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | ме (me) |
| 2 | you (2sg) | тэ (te) |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | сійӧ (sijö) |
| 4 | we (1pl) | ми (mi) |
| 5 | you (2pl) | ті (ti) |
| 6 | they (3pl) | найӧ (najö) |
| 7 | this | тайӧ (tajö) |
| 8 | that | сійӧ (sijö) |
| 9 | here | тані (tani), татӧн (tatön) |
| 10 | there | сэні (seni), сэтӧн (setön) |
| 11 | who | коді (kodi), код (kod) |
| 12 | what | мый (myj) |
| 13 | where | кӧні (köni), кытӧн (kytön) |
| 14 | when | кор (kor), кодыр (kodyr) |
| 15 | how | кыдзи (kydźi) |
| 16 | not | абу (abu) |
| 17 | all | быд (byd) |
| 18 | many | уна (una) |
| 19 | some | неуна (ńeuna) |
| 20 | few | этша (eča) |
| 21 | other | мӧд (möd) |
| 22 | one | ӧти (öťi) |
| 23 | two | кык (kyk) |
| 24 | three | куим (kuim) |
| 25 | four | нёль (ńoľ) |
| 26 | five | вит (vit) |
| 27 | big | ыджыд (ydžyd) |
| 28 | long | кузь (kuź) |
| 29 | wide | паськыд (paśkyd) |
| 30 | thick | кыз (kyz) |
| 31 | heavy | сьӧкыд (śökyd) |
| 32 | small | дзолыд (dźolyd) |
| 33 | short | дженьыд (džeńyd) |
| 34 | narrow | векни (vekńi), векньыд (vekńyd) |
| 35 | thin | вӧсни (vösńi), вӧсньыд (vösńyd) |
| 36 | woman | ань (ań) |
| 37 | man (adult male) | ай (aj) |
| 38 | man (human being) | морт (mort) |
| 39 | child | кага (kaga) |
| 40 | wife | гӧтыр (götyr) |
| 41 | husband | верӧс (verös) |
| 42 | mother | энь (eń) |
| 43 | father | ай (aj) |
| 44 | animal | пемӧс (pemös) |
| 45 | fish | чери (ćeri) |
| 46 | bird | лэбач (lebać), кай (kaj) |
| 47 | dog | пон (pon) |
| 48 | louse | той (toj) |
| 49 | snake | кый (kyj) |
| 50 | worm | вегыль (vegyľ), нидзув (ńidźuv) |
| 51 | tree | пу (pu) |
| 52 | forest | вӧр (vör) |
| 53 | stick | бедь (beď) |
| 54 | fruit | вотӧс (votös) (berry) |
| 55 | seed | кӧйдыс (köjdys) |
| 56 | leaf | кор (kor) |
| 57 | root | вуж (vuž) |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | кырсь (kyrś) |
| 59 | flower | дзоридз (dźoridź) |
| 60 | grass | турун (turun) |
| 61 | rope | гез (gez) |
| 62 | skin | ку (ku) |
| 63 | meat | яй (jaj) |
| 64 | blood | вир (vir) |
| 65 | bone | лы (ly) |
| 66 | fat (noun) | тшӧг (čög), гос (gos) |
| 67 | egg | кольк (koľk) |
| 68 | horn | сюр (śur) |
| 69 | tail | бӧж (böž) |
| 70 | feather | гӧн (gön) |
| 71 | hair | си (śi) (any hair), юрси (jurśi) (human hair, head hair) |
| 72 | head | юр (jur) |
| 73 | ear | пель (peľ) |
| 74 | eye | син (śin) |
| 75 | nose | ныр (nyr) |
| 76 | mouth | вом (vom) |
| 77 | tooth | пинь (piń) |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | кыв (kyv) |
| 79 | fingernail | гыж (gyž) |
| 80 | foot | кок пыдӧс (kok pydös) (lit. "leg bottom") |
| 81 | leg | кок (kok) |
| 82 | knee | пидзӧс (pidźös) |
| 83 | hand | ки (ki) |
| 84 | wing | борд (bord) |
| 85 | belly | кынӧм (kynöm) |
| 86 | guts | сюв (śuv) |
| 87 | neck | голя (goľa) |
| 88 | back | мыш (myš) |
| 89 | breast | морӧс (morös) |
| 90 | heart | сьӧлӧм (śölöm) |
| 91 | liver | мус (mus) |
| 92 | to drink | юны (juny) |
| 93 | to eat | сёйны (śojny) |
| 94 | to bite | пурны (purny) |
| 95 | to suck | нёнявны (ńońavny) |
| 96 | to spit | сьӧлыштны (śölyštny), сьӧлавны (śölavny) |
| 97 | to vomit | увкйыны (uvkjyny) |
| 98 | to blow | пӧльтны (pöľtny) |
| 99 | to breathe | лолавны (lolavny) |
| 100 | to laugh | серавны (śeravny) |
| 101 | to see | аддзыны (addźyny) |
| 102 | to hear | кывны (kyvny) |
| 103 | to know | тӧдны (tödny) |
| 104 | to think | мӧвпавны (mövpavny) |
| 105 | to smell | исавны (isavny), кывны (kyvny) |
| 106 | to fear | повны (povny) |
| 107 | to sleep | узьны (uźny) |
| 108 | to live | овны (ovny) |
| 109 | to die | кувны (kuvny) |
| 110 | to kill | вины (viny) |
| 111 | to fight | тышкасьны (tyškaśny) |
| 112 | to hunt | вӧравны (vöravny) |
| 113 | to hit | вачкыны (vaćkyny), вартны (vartny), нӧйтны (nöjtny) |
| 114 | to cut | вундыны (vundyny) |
| 115 | to split | торйӧдны (torjödny), юкны (jukny), поткӧдны (potködny) |
| 116 | to stab | бырскыны (byrskyny) |
| 117 | to scratch | гыжъявны (gyžjavny), парсавны (parsavny) |
| 118 | to dig | кодйыны (kodjyny) |
| 119 | to swim | уйны (ujny) |
| 120 | to fly | лэбны (lebny) |
| 121 | to walk | ветлыны (vetlyny) |
| 122 | to come | локны (lokny) |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | куйлыны (kujlyny) |
| 124 | to sit | пукыны (pukyny) |
| 125 | to stand | сулавны (sulavny) |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | бергавны (bergavny) |
| 127 | to fall | усьны (uśny) |
| 128 | to give | сетны (śetny) |
| 129 | to hold | кутны (kutny) |
| 130 | to squeeze | топӧдны (topödny) |
| 131 | to rub | ниртны (ńirtny), тільны (tiľny), зыравны (zyravny) |
| 132 | to wash | мыськыны (myśkyny) (someone), мыссьыны (mysśyny) (yourself) |
| 133 | to wipe | чышкыны (ćyškyny) |
| 134 | to pull | кыскыны (kyskyny), нуны (nuny) |
| 135 | to push | йӧткыны (jötkyny), тойлыны (tojlyny) |
| 136 | to throw | чӧвтны (ćövtny), шыбитны (šybitny), лыйны (lyjny) (at someone) |
| 137 | to tie | кӧртавны (körtavny) |
| 138 | to sew | вурны (vurny) |
| 139 | to count | лыддьыны (lydďyny) |
| 140 | to say | шуны (šuny) |
| 141 | to sing | сьывны (śyvny) |
| 142 | to play | ворсыны (vorsyny) |
| 143 | to float | уйны (ujny), кывтны (kyvtny) |
| 144 | to flow | виявны (vijavny), визувтны (vizuvtny) |
| 145 | to freeze | кынмыны (kynmyny) |
| 146 | to swell | пуктыны (puktyny), польдыны (poľdyny) |
| 147 | sun | шонді (šondi) |
| 148 | moon | тӧлысь (tölyś) |
| 149 | star | кодзув (kodźuv) |
| 150 | water | ва (va) |
| 151 | rain | зэрны (zerny) |
| 152 | river | ю (ju) |
| 153 | lake | ты (ty) |
| 154 | sea | саридз (saridź) |
| 155 | salt | сов (sov) |
| 156 | stone | из (iz) |
| 157 | sand | лы (ly) |
| 158 | dust | бус (bus) |
| 159 | earth | му (mu), мусяр (muśar) |
| 160 | cloud | кымӧр (kymör) |
| 161 | fog | ру (ru) |
| 162 | sky | енэж (jenež) |
| 163 | wind | тӧв (töv) |
| 164 | snow | лым (lym) |
| 165 | ice | йи (ji) |
| 166 | smoke | тшын (čyn) |
| 167 | fire | би (bi) |
| 168 | ash | пӧим (pöim) |
| 169 | to burn | сотны (sotny) |
| 170 | road | туй (tuj) |
| 171 | mountain | керӧс (kerös) |
| 172 | red | гӧрд (görd) |
| 173 | green | турунвиж (turunviž), веж (vež), виж (viž) |
| 174 | yellow | кольквиж (koľkviž), виж (viž), веж (vež) |
| 175 | white | еджыд (jedžyd) |
| 176 | black | сьӧд (śöd) |
| 177 | night | вой (voj) |
| 178 | day | лун (lun) |
| 179 | year | во (vo) |
| 180 | warm | шоныд (šonyd) |
| 181 | cold | кӧдзыд (ködźyd) |
| 182 | full | тыр (tyr) |
| 183 | new | выль (vyľ) |
| 184 | old | важ (važ) |
| 185 | good | бур (bur) |
| 186 | bad | лёк (ľok) |
| 187 | rotten | сісь (siś) |
| 188 | dirty | няйт (ńajt) |
| 189 | straight | веськыд (veśkyd) |
| 190 | round | гӧгрӧс (gögrös) |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | ёсь (joś) |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | ныж (nyž) |
| 193 | smooth | шыльыд (šyľyd) |
| 194 | wet | уль (uľ) |
| 195 | dry | кос (kos) |
| 196 | correct | веськыд (veśkyd) |
| 197 | near | матын (matyn) |
| 198 | far | улын (ulyn) |
| 199 | right | веськыд (veśkyd) |
| 200 | left | шуйга (šujga) |
| 201 | at | вылӧ (vylö) (postposition) |
| 202 | in | -ын (-yn) |
| 203 | with | -кӧд (-köd) |
| 204 | and | да (da) |
| 205 | if | кӧ (kö) |
| 206 | because | вӧсна (vösna), понда (ponda) |
| 207 | name | ним (ńim) |