Appendix:Proto-North Halmahera reconstructions
Proto-North Halmahera reconstructions:
Holton & Klamer (2018) edit
The following proto-North Halmahera reconstructions are listed in Holton and Klamer (2018: 620-621).[1] All of the forms in Holton and Klamer are derived from Wada (1980).[2]
Note that where Wada write 'd', Holton & Klamer indiscriminately miscopy it as 'ḋ'. Additionally, many of the terms listed here as reconstructiona by Holton & Klamer were not described as such in Wada.
| gloss | proto-North Halmahera |
|---|---|
| back | *ḋuḋun |
| bad | *torou |
| bark | *kahi |
| big | *lamok |
| bite | *goli |
| black | *tarom |
| blood | *aun |
| blow | *hoa |
| blue | *bisi |
| boil | *sakahi |
| bone | *koboŋ |
| brother | *hiraŋ |
| burn | *so(ŋa)ra |
| child | *ŋopak |
| cloud | *lobi |
| cold’ (1) | *alo |
| cold’ (2) | *malat |
| come | *bola |
| count | *etoŋ |
| cry | *ores |
| cut | *luit |
| dance | *selo |
| die | *soneŋ |
| dig | *puait |
| dirty | *pepeke |
| dog | *kaso |
| dull | *boŋo |
| ear | *ŋauk |
| earth | *tonak |
| eat | *oḋom |
| egg | *boro |
| eight | *tupaaŋe |
| eye | *lako |
| fall | *ḋota |
| far | *kurut |
| fat, grease | *saki |
| father | *baba |
| fear | *moḋoŋ |
| feather | *gogo |
| female | *ŋopeḋeka |
| few | *ucu |
| fight | *kuḋubu |
| fire | *uku |
| fish | *nawok |
| five | *motoha |
| float | *bawo |
| flow | *uhis |
| flower | *leru |
| fly | *sosor |
| fog | *rasa |
| four | *ihat |
| fruit | *sopok |
| give | *hike |
| good | *loha |
| grass | *ŋaŋaru |
| green | *ijo |
| guts | *toto |
| hair | *hutu |
| hand | *giam |
| head | *sahek |
| hear | *isen |
| heart | *siniŋa |
| heavy | *tubuso |
| hit | *ŋapo |
| horn | *taḋu |
| hot | *sahuk |
| husband | *rokat |
| kill | *tooma |
| knee | *puku |
| know | *nako |
| lake | *talaga |
| laugh | *ḋohe |
| leaf | *soka |
| left | *gubali |
| leg/foot | *ḋohu |
| lie | *ḋaḋu |
| live | *oho |
| liver | *gate |
| long’ (1) | *kurut |
| long’ (2) | *teka |
| louse/flea | *gani |
| male | *naur |
| many | *ḋala |
| meat | *lake |
| moon | *ŋoosa |
| mother | *awa |
| mountain | *tala |
| mouth | *uru |
| nail | *gitipir |
| name | *roŋa |
| narrow | *peneto |
| near | *ḋumu |
| neck | *toko |
| new | *momuane |
| night | *putu |
| nine | *siwo |
| nose | *ŋunuŋ |
| old | *ŋowo |
| one | *moi |
| person | *ɲawa |
| pierce | *topok |
| pull | *lia |
| push | *hito(si) |
| rain | *muura |
| red | *sawala |
| right | *girinak |
| river | *selera |
| roast | *tupu |
| root | *ŋutuk |
| rope | *gumin |
| rotten | *baka |
| round | *pululun |
| rub | *ese |
| salt | *gasi |
| sand | *ḋowoŋi |
| say | *temo |
| scratch | *rago |
| sea | *ŋolot |
| see | *kelelo |
| seed | *gisisi |
| seven | *tumuḋiŋi |
| sew | *urit |
| sharp | *ḋoto |
| shoot | *ḋupu |
| short | *timisi |
| sing | *ɲaɲi |
| sister | *biraŋ |
| sit | *tamie |
| six | *butaŋa |
| skin | *kahi |
| sky | *ḋipaŋ |
| sleep | *kiolok |
| small | *ece |
| smell | *hame |
| smoke | *ḋopo |
| smooth | *maahi |
| snake | *ŋihia |
| speak | *bicara |
| spear | *kamanu |
| spit | *hobir |
| split | *raca |
| stand | *oko |
| star | *ŋoma |
| stone | *teto |
| straight | *bolowo |
| suck | *suyu |
| swell | *ḋobo |
| swim | *toboŋ |
| tail | *pego |
| take, hold | *aho |
| ten | *mogiowok |
| thick | *kipirin |
| thin | *hina |
| think | *fikiri < Arabic |
| three | *saaŋe |
| throw | *sariwi |
| tie | *piriku |
| to dry | *ḋuḋuŋ |
| tongue | *akir |
| tooth | *iŋir |
| tree | *gota |
| true | *tero |
| twenty | *monohalok |
| two | *sinoto |
| vomit | *ŋunaŋ |
| walk | *tagi |
| warm | *sakuk |
| wash | *boka |
| water | *aker |
| way | *ŋekom |
| wet | *pesa |
| white | *ares |
| wide | *ŋohat |
| wife | *peḋakat |
| wind | *paro |
| wing | *golipupu |
| wipe | *piki |
| woods | *poŋan |
| worm | *kalubati |
| young | *kiau |
References edit
- ^ Holton, Gary; Klamer, Marian (2018). "The Papuan languages of East Nusantara and the Bird's Head". In Palmer, Bill (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of the New Guinea Area: A Comprehensive Guide. The World of Linguistics. 4. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 569–640. →ISBN.
- ^ Wada, Yuiti. "1980 Correspondence of consonants in North Halmahera languages and the conservation of archaic sounds in Galela.". In Ishige, Naomichi (ed.). The Galela of Halmahera: A Preliminary Survey. Osaka: Museum of Ethnology. pp. 497–527.
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|---|
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