Appendix:Proto-Basque Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Basque, compared with definitions in English.
Proto-Basque reconstructions are from Trask (2008).
List edit
| No. | Gloss | Proto-Basque (Trask 2008) |
Proto-Basque notes | Standard Basque |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I | *ni | ni | |
| 2 | you (singular) | *[h]i | hi, zu | |
| 3 | he | hura, bera | ||
| 4 | we | *gu | gu | |
| 5 | you (plural) | *zu | zuek | |
| 6 | they | haiek | ||
| 7 | this | *[h]aur; *[h]on (stem) | hau | |
| 8 | that | *[h]ar | (distal) | hori, hura |
| 9 | here | hemen, hon- | ||
| 10 | there | hor, han | ||
| 11 | who | nor (interrogative) | ||
| 12 | what | zer (interrogative) | ||
| 13 | where | non (no movement, interrogative) | ||
| 14 | when | noiz (interrogative) | ||
| 15 | how | nola (interrogative) | ||
| 16 | not | *ez | (or perhaps *ez{e}) | ez |
| 17 | all | *guz- | guzti, den, oro | |
| 18 | many | asko | ||
| 19 | some | batzuk, zenbait | ||
| 20 | few | gutxi | ||
| 21 | other | *bertze | (possibly bimorphemic) | beste |
| 22 | one | *bade | bat | |
| 23 | two | *biga | bi | |
| 24 | three | *[h]irur | hiru | |
| 25 | four | *laur | lau | |
| 26 | five | *bortz | bost | |
| 27 | big | *[h]andi | handi | |
| 28 | long | *luze | luze | |
| 29 | wide | *zabal | zabal | |
| 30 | thick | *lodi | lodi, gizen, potolo | |
| 31 | heavy | astun | ||
| 32 | small | txiki | ||
| 33 | short | *labur | labur, motz | |
| 34 | narrow | estu, mehar | ||
| 35 | thin | *bene | mehe, argal | |
| 36 | woman | emakume | ||
| 37 | man (adult male) | *gizon | gizon | |
| 38 | man (human being) | gizaki | ||
| 39 | child | *unbe, *[h]aur | haur, ume, sein | |
| 40 | wife | emazte | ||
| 41 | husband | *seNar | (probably bimorphemic) | senar |
| 42 | mother | *ama | (of nursery origin) | ama |
| 43 | father | *aita | (of nursery origin) | aita |
| 44 | animal | abere (domestic) | ||
| 45 | fish | *aRani | arrain | |
| 46 | bird | *zori | txori | |
| 47 | dog | *or (probably older), *zakur | txakur | |
| 48 | louse | *zoRi | zorri | |
| 49 | snake | *suge | suge | |
| 50 | worm | *anar | har | |
| 51 | tree | zuhaitz | ||
| 52 | forest | *oi[h]an, *baso | oihan, baso | |
| 53 | stick | makila | ||
| 54 | fruit | zitu, igali | ||
| 55 | seed | ale, hazi | ||
| 56 | leaf | *[h]oRi | hosto, orri | |
| 57 | root | erro, sustrai | ||
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | azal | ||
| 59 | flower | lili | ||
| 60 | grass | *berar | belar, bedar | |
| 61 | rope | soka | ||
| 62 | skin | *azal | azal, larru | |
| 63 | meat | haragi | ||
| 64 | blood | *odol | odol | |
| 65 | bone | hezur | ||
| 66 | fat (noun) | *gizen | gantz, gizen | |
| 67 | egg | arrautza | ||
| 68 | horn | *adar | adar | |
| 69 | tail | *buztan | buztan | |
| 70 | feather | luma | ||
| 71 | hair | *iLe | (approximately) | ile |
| 72 | head | *buru | buru | |
| 73 | ear | *beraRi | belarri | |
| 74 | eye | *begi | begi | |
| 75 | nose | *sudur | sudur | |
| 76 | mouth | *a[h]o | aho | |
| 77 | tooth | hortz, hagin | ||
| 78 | tongue (organ) | *bini | mihi | |
| 79 | fingernail | azazkal | ||
| 80 | foot | *oin | oin | |
| 81 | leg | hanka, zango | ||
| 82 | knee | *beLaun | belaun | |
| 83 | hand | *esku | esku | |
| 84 | wing | *[h]ego, *[h]egal | hego | |
| 85 | belly | sabel | ||
| 86 | guts | *[h]ertze | heste | |
| 87 | neck | *lepo | lepo | |
| 88 | back | *bizkar | bizkar | |
| 89 | breast | *ugatz | bular | |
| 90 | heart | *bi[h]otz | bihotz | |
| 91 | liver | *gibel | (probably bimorphemic) | gibel |
| 92 | drink | *-dandry | edan | |
| 93 | eat | *-an- | jan | |
| 94 | bite | kosk egin | ||
| 95 | suck | xurgatu | ||
| 96 | spit | txistu egin | ||
| 97 | vomit | oka egin, okatu | ||
| 98 | blow | putz egin | ||
| 99 | breathe | arnas egin | ||
| 100 | laugh | barre egin | ||
| 101 | see | *-kus- | ikusi | |
| 102 | hear | entzun | ||
| 103 | know | jakin | ||
| 104 | think | pentsatu | ||
| 105 | smell | usaindu | ||
| 106 | fear | *beldur | beldur izan | |
| 107 | sleep | *lo | (noun) | lo egin |
| 108 | live | bizi izan | ||
| 109 | die | hil | ||
| 110 | kill | *ero{, *-ro | (form uncertain)} | erahil |
| 111 | fight | borrokatu | ||
| 112 | hunt | ehizatu | ||
| 113 | hit | jo | ||
| 114 | cut | *-badance | moztu | |
| 115 | split | pitzatu | ||
| 116 | stab | sastatu | ||
| 117 | scratch | urratu | ||
| 118 | dig | aitzurtu | ||
| 119 | swim | igeri egin | ||
| 120 | fly | hegaz egin | ||
| 121 | walk | ibili | ||
| 122 | come | *-toR-; *-augin- | etorri | |
| 123 | lie (as in a bed) | etzan (action), etzanda egon (state) | ||
| 124 | sit | eseri (action), eserita egon (state | ||
| 125 | stand | zutitu (action), zutik egon (state) | ||
| 126 | turn (intransitive) | biratu | ||
| 127 | fall | *-ror-, *-au{(t)}sfar | erori, jausi | |
| 128 | give | *-bango: | eman | |
| 129 | hold | eduki | ||
| 130 | squeeze | estutu | ||
| 131 | rub | igurtzi | ||
| 132 | wash | ikuzi, garbitu, xahutu | ||
| 133 | wipe | xukatu, lehortu | ||
| 134 | pull | erakarri | ||
| 135 | push | bultzatu | ||
| 136 | throw | bota, jaurti(ki) | ||
| 137 | tie | lotu | ||
| 138 | sew | josi | ||
| 139 | count | zenbatu | ||
| 140 | say | esan, erran | ||
| 141 | sing | abestu | ||
| 142 | play | jokatu | ||
| 143 | float | igerikatu | ||
| 144 | flow | *-ario[n] | isuri | |
| 145 | freeze | izoztu | ||
| 146 | swell | hanpatu, puztu | ||
| 147 | sun | eki, eguzki | ||
| 148 | moon | *{[i]}iLe | (approximately) | ilargi |
| 149 | star | *izar | izar | |
| 150 | water | *ur | ur | |
| 151 | rain | *euri | euri | |
| 152 | river | *ibai | derivative of *ibar ? | ibai |
| 153 | lake | aintzira, zingira | ||
| 154 | sea | itsaso | ||
| 155 | salt | *gatz | gatz | |
| 156 | stone | *[h]aRi; *[h]aitz ?, *[h]anetz ? | harri | |
| 157 | sand | hondar, hare | ||
| 158 | dust | *[h]auts | hauts | |
| 159 | earth | *lur | lur | |
| 160 | cloud | *[h]odei < *[h]odeCi ? | hodei | |
| 161 | fog | laino | ||
| 162 | sky | ortzi | ||
| 163 | wind | haize | ||
| 164 | snow | elur, edur | ||
| 165 | ice | izotz | ||
| 166 | smoke | *ke | (of anomalous form) | ke |
| 167 | fire | *su | su | |
| 168 | ash | hauts, errauts | ||
| 169 | burn | *eRe, *-ze{(}-ki-{)} | erre | |
| 170 | road | *bide | bide | |
| 171 | mountain | *bendi | mendi | |
| 172 | red | *goRi | (possibly bimorphemic) | gorri |
| 173 | green | *urdin | (probably bimorphemic) | orlegi |
| 174 | yellow | *[h]ori | (possibly bimorphemic) | hori |
| 175 | white | *zuri | (possibly bimorphemic) | zuri |
| 176 | black | *bel ‘dark’ | beltz | |
| 177 | night | *gau | gau | |
| 178 | day | *egun; *egu? | egun | |
| 179 | year | *urte | (possibly bimorphemic) | urte |
| 180 | warm | bero | ||
| 181 | cold | *[h]otz | hotz | |
| 182 | full | *bete | beteta, bete | |
| 183 | new | *beRi | (possibly bimorphemic) | berri |
| 184 | old | *za[h]ar | zahar | |
| 185 | good | *on | on | |
| 186 | bad | *gaitz | txar | |
| 187 | rotten | ustel | ||
| 188 | dirty | *zikin | zikin | |
| 189 | straight | zuzen | ||
| 190 | round | *bil or *biL | biribil | |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | zorrotz | ||
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | kamuts | ||
| 193 | smooth | *leun | leun | |
| 194 | wet | busti, heze | ||
| 195 | dry | lehor | ||
| 196 | correct | zuzen | ||
| 197 | near | hurbil | ||
| 198 | far | urrun | ||
| 199 | right | eskuin | ||
| 200 | left | ezker | ||
| 201 | at | -n, -an, -ean, -etan | ||
| 202 | in | *sar- | (non-verbal stem?) | -n, -an, -ean, -etan |
| 203 | with | -ekin, -arekin | ||
| 204 | and | *eta | eta | |
| 205 | if | (baldin) ba- | ||
| 206 | because | -elako, bait-, ... eta | ||
| 207 | name | *izen | izen, deitura |
See also edit
References edit
- Trask, R. L., Wheeler, Max W. (ed). 2008. Etymological Dictionary of Basque. Falmer, UK: University of Sussex.
Further reading edit
- Basque dictionaries (Lexilogos) (French)
- Basque Wiktionary (Basque)