Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/þurbaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *tetórpe, from *terp- (“to satiate”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈθur.βɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*þurbaną

1. to need, to require
2. to have to

Inflection

Conjugation of *þurbaną (preterite-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þarf	*þurbį̄	—	—	—
2nd singular	*þarft	*þurbīz	—	—	—
3rd singular	*þarf	*þurbī	—	—	—
1st dual	*þurbū	*þurbīw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*þurbudiz	*þurbīdiz	—	—	—
1st plural	*þurbum	*þurbīm	—	—	—
2nd plural	*þurbud	*þurbīd	—	—	—
3rd plural	*þurbun	*þurbīn	—	—	—
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*þurftǭ	*þurftēdį̄
2nd singular	*þurftēz	*þurftēdīz
3rd singular	*þurftē	*þurftēdī
1st dual	*þurftēdū	*þurftēdīw
2nd dual	*þurftēdudiz	*þurftēdīdiz
1st plural	*þurftēdum	*þurftēdīm
2nd plural	*þurftēdud	*þurftēdīd
3rd plural	*þurftēdun	*þurftēdīn
	present	past
participles	*þurbandz	*þurftaz

Derived terms

• *þurftiz
• *þarbaz
• *þarbō

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *þurban
  • Old English: þurfan
    • Middle English: tharen
      • English: thair (dialectal)
      • Scots: thair
  • Old Saxon: thurvan, thurƀan
    • Middle Low German: dürven, dörven, dröven
      • Low German: dörven, dröven, dröffen
  • Old Dutch: thurvan
    • Middle Dutch: dorven
      • Dutch: durven (conflated in meaning with dorren)
        • Afrikaans: durf
        • Javindo: durref
        • Negerhollands: derv, dėfo
        • → Papiamentu: dùrf
      • Limburgish: dörve
  • Old High German: durfan (f by backformation, this f is generally fortis as if from Germanic *p)
    • Middle High German: durfen, dürfen
      • Alemannic German: törfe
      • Central Franconian: dürve, durfe, dearfe
        • Luxembourgish: däerfen, duerfen, dierfen
      • German: dürfen
        • → Ido: darfar
      • Yiddish: דאַרפֿן (darfn)
• Old Norse: þurfa
  • Icelandic: þurfa
  • Faroese: tørva, tarva
  • Norwegian Bokmål: turve
  • Norwegian Nynorsk: turva
  • Old Swedish: þorva, þarva
    • Swedish: torva (archaic), Swedish: tarva (archaic)
  • Danish: tarve
• Gothic: 𐌸𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌱𐌰𐌽 (þaurban)