Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/fulką

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

From *fulkaz (“crowd, army”). May ultimately be from Proto-Indo-European *pl̥h₁-gós, from *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Compare Latin plebs (“common people”). Old Church Slavonic плъкъ (plŭkŭ, “army division”), Lithuanian pulkas (“crowd”) are both believed to be early borrowings from the Proto-Germanic word before Grimm's Law occurred.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈɸul.kɑ̃/

Noun edit

*fulką n

people
tribe

Inflection edit

neuter a-stemDeclension of *fulką (neuter a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*fulką	*fulkō
vocative	*fulką	*fulkō
accusative	*fulką	*fulkō
genitive	fulkas, fulkis	*fulkǫ̂
dative	*fulkai	*fulkamaz
instrumental	*fulkō	*fulkamiz

Derived terms edit

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *folk
- Old English: folc
  - Middle English: folk, folke, foolk, fok, folck, folc, follc, volk
    - English: folk
    - Scots: fowk
- Old Frisian: folk
  - North Frisian:
    - Föhr-Amrum: folk
  - Saterland Frisian: Foulk
  - West Frisian: folk
- Old Saxon: folk, folc
  - Middle Low German: volk
    - Low German:
      - German Low German:
        Hamburgisch: Volk
        Westphalian:
        Lippisch: Volk
        Ravensbergisch: Folk
        Sauerländisch: Volk
        Westmünsterländisch: Volk
    - Plautdietsch: Volkj
- Old Dutch: folc
  - Middle Dutch: volc
    - Dutch: volk
      - Afrikaans: volk
      - Negerhollands: volk, folok, folk, fulok, fuluk, folluk
      - → Sranan Tongo: folku
    - Limburgish: vouk
- Old High German: folk, folc
  - Middle High German: volk
    - Cimbrian: vòlk, bòlk
    - German: Volk
    - Hunsrik: Follek
    - Luxembourgish: Vollek
    - Vilamovian: fulk
    - Yiddish: פֿאָלק (folk)
- → Early Medieval Latin: fulcus
  - Catalan: folc
  - Italian: folla
  - Old French: foulc (see there for further descendants)
  - Galician: foula
Proto-Norse: *ᚠᛟᛚᚲᚨ (*folka)
- Old Norse: folk, fólk
  - Icelandic: fólk
  - Faroese: fólk
  - Norn: folekar
  - Norwegian Nynorsk: folk; (dialectal) fólk, fókk, følk, fælk
  - Jamtish: fołk
  - Elfdalian: fuok
  - Old Swedish: folk, fulk
    - Swedish: folk
  - Old Danish: folk
    - Danish: folk
      - Norwegian Bokmål: folk
    - Scanian: fólk
  - Old Gutnish: fulk
    - Gutnish: fålk
Gothic: *𐍆𐌿𐌻𐌺 (*fulk) (likely)
- → Proto-Slavic: *pъlkъ
  - East Slavic:
    - Old East Slavic: пълкъ (pŭlkŭ)
      - Old Ruthenian: полкъ (polk) (< influence of the Middle Russian полкъ (polk))
        Belarusian: полк (polk)
        Ukrainian: полк (polk), повк (povk), півк (pivk)
        → Polish: połk, półk, pułk
        → German: Pulk
        → Latvian: pulks
      - Middle Russian: полкъ (polk)
        Russian: полк (polk)
  - South Slavic:
    - Old Church Slavonic:
      Old Cyrillic script: плъкъ (plŭkŭ)
      Glagolitic script: ⱂⰾⱏⰽⱏ (plŭkŭ)
    - Bulgarian: пълк (pǎlk)
    - Macedonian: полк (polk)
    - Serbo-Croatian:
      Cyrillic script: пу̑к
      Latin script: pȗk
    - Slovene: połk
  - West Slavic:
    - Czech: pluk
    - Old Polish: *pełk
    - Slovak: pluk
    - Sorbian:
      - Upper Sorbian: połk
→ Proto-Finnic: *hulkka (see there for further descendants)