Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/haglaz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

Unknown. Traditionally compared to Ancient Greek κόχλαξ (kókhlax), κάχληξ (kákhlēx, “pebble(s), small stone(s), gravel (in a riverbed)”) which would point to Proto-Indo-European *kagʰl- (“pebble”). Beekes instead asserts that the Greek is of substrate origin, on the basis of its irregular variation and the suffix -ακ- (-ak-).^[1]^[2] Alternatively, *haglaz may be:

From pre-Germanic *ḱo-ḱl(h₁)-ó-m, similar to *hehlǭ (“hoarfrost”), from a reduplication of Proto-Indo-European *ḱel(h₁)- (“cold”), thus similar in formation to Sanskrit शिशिर (śíśira, “cool, cold; hoarfrost”) (perhaps from *ḱí-ḱl̥h₁-o-^[3]).^[4]
Derived from a verb *hag(g)ōną (“to torment, agonize”), in view of the Faroese meaning “pain, inconvenience”.^[1]

Attested as haal in the Codex Vindobonensis, despite all of the other names preserving -z, so in Gothic 𐌷𐌰𐌲𐌻 was the name of 𐌷 (compare daaz for dags)

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈxɑɣ.laz/

Noun edit

*haglaz m^[1]

hail (the precipitation)
(Runic alphabet) name of the H-rune (ᚺ, ᚻ)

Inflection edit

masculine a-stemDeclension of *haglaz (masculine a-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*haglaz	haglōz, haglōs
vocative	*hagl	haglōz, haglōs
accusative	*haglą	*haglanz
genitive	haglas, haglis	*haglǫ̂
dative	*haglai	*haglamaz
instrumental	*haglō	*haglamiz

Related terms edit

*haglą

Derived terms edit

*haglastainaz (“hailstone”)^[4]
*haglōną

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *hagl
- Old English: hæġl, hæġel, hagal, hagol
  - Middle English: hayle, hail, hayl, haile, haiel, ail, hale; haul, hawle, hawel; hagol, haȝel, haȝol, hahȝel, haghil
    - English: hail
    - Scots: hail
- Old Frisian: heil
  - Saterland Frisian: Hail
  - West Frisian: heil
- Old Saxon: hagal
  - Middle Low German: hagel
    - German Low German: Hagel
    - Plautdietsch: Hoagel
- Old Dutch: *hagal
  - Middle Dutch: hagel
    - Dutch: hagel
      - Afrikaans: hael
      - Berbice Creole Dutch: hagli
      - Negerhollands: hagel
      - → Papiamentu: hagel
      - → Sranan Tongo: agra
        → Caribbean Javanese: agrah
        → Saramaccan: hága, ága
    - Limburgish: hagel, haachel
- Old High German: hagal
  - Middle High German: hagel
    - German: Hagel
    - Luxembourgish: Hol (obsolete)
    - Yiddish: האָגל (hogl)
→ English: haglaz (learned)

References edit

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hagla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 199
^ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάχληξ, -ηκος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 660
^ Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hihelōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 226
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*xaʒlan ~ *xaʒlaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 150

[EDPG-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hagla-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 199

[2] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “κάχληξ, -ηκος”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 660

[3] Kroonen, Guus (2013) “*hihelōn-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 226

[HGE-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Orel, Vladimir (2003) “*xaʒlan ~ *xaʒlaz”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology‎^[1], Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 150

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