Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/krangijaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From *kringaną (“to fall”) +‎ *-janą.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈkrɑŋ.ɡi.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*krangijaną

1. to make turn, fall

Inflection

Conjugation of *krangijaną (weak class 1)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*krangijō	*krangijaų	—	*krangijai	?
2nd singular	*krangīsi	*krangijais	*krangī	*krangijasai	*krangijaisau
3rd singular	*krangīþi	*krangijai	*krangijaþau	*krangijaþai	*krangijaiþau
1st dual	*krangijōs	*krangijaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*krangijaþiz	*krangijaiþiz	*krangijaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*krangijamaz	*krangijaim	—	*krangijanþai	*krangijainþau
2nd plural	*krangīþ	*krangijaiþ	*krangīþ	*krangijanþai	*krangijainþau
3rd plural	*krangijanþi	*krangijain	*krangijanþau	*krangijanþai	*krangijainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*krangidǭ	*krangidēdį̄
2nd singular	*krangidēz	*krangidēdīz
3rd singular	*krangidē	*krangidēdī
1st dual	*krangidēdū	*krangidēdīw
2nd dual	*krangidēdudiz	*krangidēdīdiz
1st plural	*krangidēdum	*krangidēdīm
2nd plural	*krangidēdud	*krangidēdīd
3rd plural	*krangidēdun	*krangidēdīn
	present	past
participles	*krangijandz	*krangidaz

Descendants

• Old English: *crenġan, *crenċġan, *crenċan
  • Middle English: crengen, crenchen, *crinchen
    • Scots: crenge, creinge
    • English: cringe, crinch
• Old Saxon: *krengian
  • Middle Low German: *krengen
    • German Low German: krengen
• Old Dutch: *krengen
  • Middle Dutch: crengen
    • Dutch: krengen
• Old High German: *krengen
  • Middle High German: *krengen
    • German: krängen

References

• Kroonen, Guus (2013) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN