Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leuganą

See also: Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/leugāną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic edit

Etymology edit

From Proto-Indo-European *lewgʰ-.

Pronunciation edit

IPA^(key): /ˈleu̯.ɣɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb edit

*leuganą^[1]^[2]

to lie, to tell a falsehood

Inflection edit

Conjugation of *leuganą (strong class 2)

present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
	active voice			passive voice
1st singular	*leugō	*leugaų	—	*leugai	?
2nd singular	*liugizi	*leugaiz	*leug	*leugazai	*leugaizau
3rd singular	*liugidi	*leugai	*leugadau	*leugadai	*leugaidau
1st dual	*leugōz	*leugaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*leugadiz	*leugaidiz	*leugadiz	—	—
1st plural	*leugamaz	*leugaim	—	*leugandai	*leugaindau
2nd plural	*liugid	*leugaid	*liugid	*leugandai	*leugaindau
3rd plural	*leugandi	*leugain	*leugandau	*leugandai	*leugaindau

past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*laug	*lugį̄
2nd singular	*lauht	*lugīz
3rd singular	*laug	*lugī
1st dual	*lugū	*lugīw
2nd dual	*lugudiz	*lugīdiz
1st plural	*lugum	*lugīm
2nd plural	*lugud	*lugīd
3rd plural	*lugun	*lugīn

	present	past
participles	*leugandz	*luganaz

Derived terms edit

*lugiz

Descendants edit

Proto-West Germanic: *leugan
- Old English: lēogan
  - Middle English: lien
    - English: lie
    - Scots: lee
- Old Frisian: liāga
  - Saterland Frisian: ljooge
  - West Frisian: lige
- Old Saxon: liogan
  - Middle Low German: lēgen, leigen
    - Low German: legen, lögen
- Old Dutch: liegan
  - Middle Dutch: liegen
    - Dutch: liegen
    - Limburgish: lege
- Old High German: liogan
  - Middle High German: liegen, liugen
    - German: lügen
    - Central Franconian: leeje, lieje, lüjje
      - Luxembourgish: léien
    - Bavarian: liagn, liang
    - Yiddish: לײַגן (laygn)
Old Norse: ljúga
- Icelandic: ljúga
- Faroese: lúgva, ljúgva
- Norwegian Nynorsk: ljuga, lyga
- Norwegian Bokmål: ljuge, lyge, juge
- Elfdalian: liuoga
- Old Swedish: liūgha
  - Swedish: ljuga
- Old Danish: liughæ, lyffuæ, liffuæ
  - Danish: lyve
    - Norwegian Bokmål: lyve
  - Scanian: ljuğa
- Gutnish: ljauge
Gothic: 𐌻𐌹𐌿𐌲𐌰𐌽 (liugan)

References edit

^ Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*leugan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 333
^ Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*leuʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 242

[1] Kroonen, Guus (2013), “*leugan-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 11), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 333

[2] Orel, Vladimir (2003), “*leuʒanan”, in A Handbook of Germanic Etymology, Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 242

[1]

[2]