Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/sprekaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

Unknown; suggested to be from Proto-Indo-European *spreg- on the basis of Albanian shpreh (“to express, voice”). Alternatively cognate with Old Norse spraka (“to crackle, patter”), Lithuanian spragù (“to crackle, patter”).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈspre.kɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*sprekaną

1. to speak

Inflection

Conjugation of *sprekaną (strong class 5)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sprekō	*sprekaų	—	*sprekai	?
2nd singular	*sprikizi	*sprekaiz	*sprek	*sprekazai	*sprekaizau
3rd singular	*sprikidi	*sprekai	*sprekadau	*sprekadai	*sprekaidau
1st dual	*sprekōz	*sprekaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*sprekadiz	*sprekaidiz	*sprekadiz	—	—
1st plural	*sprekamaz	*sprekaim	—	*sprekandai	*sprekaindau
2nd plural	*sprikid	*sprekaid	*sprikid	*sprekandai	*sprekaindau
3rd plural	*sprekandi	*sprekain	*sprekandau	*sprekandai	*sprekaindau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*sprak	*sprēkį̄
2nd singular	*spraht	*sprēkīz
3rd singular	*sprak	*sprēkī
1st dual	*sprēkū	*sprēkīw
2nd dual	*sprēkudiz	*sprēkīdiz
1st plural	*sprēkum	*sprēkīm
2nd plural	*sprēkud	*sprēkīd
3rd plural	*sprēkun	*sprēkīn
	present	past
participles	*sprekandz	*sprekanaz

Derived terms

• *bisprekaną

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *sprekan
  • Old English: sprecan, spreocan, spræcan, specan
    • Middle English: speken
      • English: speak
      • Scots: speke, speik
  • Old Frisian: spreka
    • Saterland Frisian: spreke
    • West Frisian: sprekke
  • Old Saxon: sprekan
    • Middle Low German: sprēken
      • Low German: spreken
      • Plautdietsch: spräakjen
  • Old Dutch: sprecan
    • Middle Dutch: sprēken
      • Dutch: spreken
      • Limburgish: spraeke
  • Old High German: sprehhan, sprechan
    • Middle High German: sprëchen
      • Central Franconian: sjprèche
      • German: sprechen
        • → Czech: šprechtit
        • → Polish: szprechać
        • → Serbo-Croatian: šprȅhati／шпре̏хати
        • → Ukrainian: шпрехати (šprexaty)
      • Hunsrik: spreche
      • Luxembourgish: spriechen