Appendix:Proto-Igboid reconstructions
The following list of Proto-Igboid reconstructions is from Blench & Williamson (2016).
List edit
| Gloss | Proto-Igboid | Proto-Igboid (Williamson) |
|---|---|---|
| wealth | *V-kʊ̀̃ | |
| squeeze | *-pɪ̌ | |
| carry | *-pá | |
| horn (music) | *ò-pì | |
| smashed (be) | *-pyá | |
| hornbill | *á-`-pɪ́ỹã́ | |
| increase | *-bá` | |
| pear | *ù-bẽ́ | |
| heart, chest | *ó-bìù | |
| nation, tribe | *ḿ-bà | |
| tortoise | *ḿbè | |
| nail, claw | *ḿbɔ̀ | |
| they | *-ɓɛ́ | |
| hate + hatred | *-ɓé í-`-ɓéè | |
| food | *-ɓé í-`-ɓéè | |
| firewood | *ɓɛ́-ɪ ̃̀-kʊ́̃ɪ ̃́ N | |
| germinate, sprout | *-pú | |
| go/come out | *-pʊ̌ | |
| carry (on head) | *-bú | |
| hatch | *-bʊ̌ | |
| bush | *ɔ́-fʸá | |
| market (n.) | *á-fʸá | |
| uproot, harvest | *-vʊ̀̃ | |
| scramble for | *-vʊ́̃ | |
| bush | *ɔ́-fyá | |
| market (n.) | *á-fyá | |
| grass/weed | *ɛ́-fɪ́fyá | |
| hornbill | *á-pyá | |
| carry (in hand) | *-pá | |
| increase | *-bá` | |
| horn (music) | *ò-`- pì | |
| heart, chest | *ó-bìù | |
| squeeze out (liquid) | *-pã̌ | |
| carve, sharpen (to a point) | *-pyɪ ̃́(ɔ́) | |
| slice (v.) | *-bĩ́yẽ́ | |
| enter | *-bã̀ã́ | |
| nose | *é-`-mí | |
| suck (v.) | *-mɪ̀ | |
| I, me | *m̀-mɪ́ | |
| do, act, make | *-mé | |
| jaw | *à-`-gbã̀ | |
| canoe, boat | *ʊ́-`-gbɔ́ɔ̀ | |
| bark, shout at | *-gbɔ́ɔ̀ | |
| kill | *-gbú | |
| beat (of rain, sun) | *-ŋmã́ | |
| caught in a trap (be) | *-ŋmã́ | |
| learn | *-ŋmʊ̀ | |
| sharpen (knife) | *ŋmʊ́ʃɪ́ | |
| theft | *ɓú-ò-sĩ́ | |
| slave | *ó-`-sù | |
| crowd, community | *ʊ̀-`-sã̀ | |
| cane-rat | *ɓù-ĩ̀-kĩ̀ N | |
| bush-cow, buffalo | *á-tsʊ́̃ | |
| follow, accompany | *-tsõ̌ | |
| millipede | *é-`-tũ̂ N | |
| set on fire | *-tsú N | |
| full (be), fill | *-ʤúyì | |
| refuse (v.) | *-ʤʊ́ | |
| sound (v.) | *-dã̌ | |
| fall (v.) | *-dã | |
| bottom | *ɔ́dʊ̃̀ | |
| tail | *ɔ́dʊ̃̀ | |
| small black ant | *ńdã́ńdã́ | |
| salt | *ń-nú | |
| you (pl.) | *á-nʊ̀ | |
| cloudy (be), threaten (of rain) | *rù[lù] | *-ɗwǔ |
| flesh | *úrù | *í-ɗù |
| reach | *rú[lú] | *-ɗúù N |
| heavy (be) | *-ɲɪ̀ | |
| charcoal | *úɲìrì | |
| friend | *éɲì | |
| hand, arm | *έ-ká | |
| crab | *ɔ̀(~ŋ)-ʧɔ́ꜜkɔ́lɔ́ | |
| wing | *ŋ̀-kù | |
| sow, plant (seed) | *-kʊ́̃ | |
| fight, war (n.) | *ɔ̀-gʊ̀̃ | |
| listen | *-gẽ̀ | |
| guinea-fowl | *ɔ̀gàzì | |
| money | *éꜜgṍ | |
| buy | *-gṍ | |
| leave, let off | *-ɣà | |
| pluck (as fruit) | *-ɣɔ̀ | |
| drink (v.) | *-ŋʊ́ | |
| happy, glad (be) + happiness | *-ŋʊ̀[rɪ́] | |
| tools, materials | *ŋ́-gʷã́ | |
| sew | *-kʷá | |
| bargain, ‘price’ | *-kʷê | |
| weave (cloth) | *-kʷẽ́ | |
| foot, leg | *ʊ́kʷʊ́ | |
| tell | *-gʷá | |
| take, choose | *-gʷè[ru] | |
| crowd, large number | *ì-gʷè | |
| stab | *-gʷú | |
| roast (e.g. yam) | *-hʊ́̃ | |
| world, fate | *ʊ̀-wà | |
| grey hair | *V-wɔ̀ | |
| pour | *-wʊ́ | |
| law | *ì-wú | |
| spring, stream | *í-ˋ-yǐ | |
| oath | *í-ˋ-yV̀Cí | |
| cold(ness) (n.) | *ó-ˋ-yV̀Cí | |
| castrated goat | *ò-kèì-ɗì N | |
| rope | *è-ɗí-`-Îí | |
| cook (v.) | *-tí N | |
| dry (fish, meat) | *-ŋmɪ́ | |
| scorpion | *á-`-kpɪ̀ | |
| crawl, creep | *-ɗɪ̌Cɪ́ | |
| germinate, sprout | *-pú | |
| carry (on head) | *-bú | |
| goat | *é-`-wû | |
| bat (n.) | *ʊ́-`-twʊ́ | |
| learn | *-ŋmʊ̀ | |
| blow (with mouth) | *-pwʊ̌ | |
| fight, war (n.) | *ɔ̀-gʊ̀̃ | |
| leopard | *á-ꜜgʊ́̃ | |
| hatch | *-bʊ̌ | |
| roast (e.g. yam) | *-hʊ́̃ | |
| black kite | *é-gbé | |
| cook (soup) | *-té | |
| cooked (be) | *-wé | |
| god of madness | *έ-gʷʊ̃̀ | |
| madness | *ɛ́-Îá | |
| weight, heaviness | *έ- ˋ-ɗɪ́w̃ à ?/Îʊ̃ỹã | |
| town | *ò-bò-dò | |
| metal gong | *ò-gé-lè | |
| swallow | *ɲo [?] | |
| follow, accompany | *-tsõ̀ | |
| hide (v.) (self/thing) | *-dzṍ | |
| bellows | *é-kõ̀ | |
| again | *ɔ̀zɔ́ | |
| nail, claw | *ḿbɔ́ | |
| cut up, eviscerate | *-bɔ̀ɔ́ | |
| trim (with scissors) | *- ʧà | |
| lick | *-rá | |
| drink (v.) | *-rá | |
| sling/hang | *-ɲǎ | |
| eldest son | *ɔ́-kpã́-rã́ | |
| jaw | *à-gbã̀ | |
| name (n.) | *V́-kpã̀ | |
| do, act, make | *-mé | |
| mould, forge | *-kpʊ́ | |
| kill | *-gbú | |
| crowd, community | *ʊ̀-hã̀ | |
| pot | *ìtè | |
| duiker | *ŋm̀-gbà-dã̀ | |
| bring up | *zʊ̀Cʊ́ | |
| jump | *-wʊ̀Cʊ́ | |
| listen | *-gòné | |
| egg | *ɛ́-kpã̀ | |
| leopard | *á-ꜜgʷʊ̃́ | |
| tooth | *íꜜzé | |
| sand, soil | *V́ -ꜜʤã́ | |
| darkness | *ɔ̀ʧɪ́ꜜʧɪ́rɪ́ |
References edit
- Blench, Roger and Kay Williamson. 2016. A reconstruction of the phonology of Proto-Igboid. Unpublished manuscript.