Appendix:Proto-Iroquoian reconstructions
Proto-Iroquoian reconstructions
Julian (2010) edit
Morphology edit
Reconstructed functional morphemes from Julian (2010):
| No. | Gloss | Proto-Iroquoian | Proto-Northern Iroquoian |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | negative | *teɁ | |
| 2 | coincident (perhaps also relativizer) | *ts | |
| 3 | contrastive | *thi | |
| 4 | partitive | *ijiː | |
| 5 | translocative | *wi | |
| 6 | factual | *waɁ | |
| 7 | duplicative | *teː | |
| 8 | future | *ẽː | |
| 9 | optative | *aɹa | |
| 10 | cislocative | *t | |
| 11 | repetitive | *ts | |
| 12 | non-singular animate | *ka | |
| 13 | 1:2.SG | *kõː | |
| 14 | 1:2.DU | *kni | |
| 15 | 1:2.PL | *kwa | |
| 16 | 2:1.SG | *hskʷi | |
| 17 | 2:1.DU | *hskniː | |
| 18 | 2:1.PL | *hskʷ… | |
| 19 | 1SG:3 | *ki | |
| 20 | 1SG:3A (> PNI 1SG:3I) | *kiji | |
| 21 | 1SG:3M | *he or *hɹi | |
| 22 | 2SG:3 | *hsi | |
| 23 | 2SG:3A (> PNI 2SG:3I) | *hsiji | |
| 24 | 2SG:3M | *hehse | |
| 25 | 3:1SG | *wakʷi | |
| 26 | 3A:1SG (> PNI 3I:1SG) | *jõːkʷi | |
| 27 | 3M:1SG | *hɹake | |
| 28 | 3:2SG | *tsa | |
| 29 | 3A:2SG (> PNI 3I:2SG) | *jeːtsa | |
| 30 | 3M:2SG | *hja | |
| 31 | 2DU&3 | *tsniː | |
| 32 | 2DU&3M | *hshetsni | |
| 33 | 2PL&3 | *ts… | |
| 34 | 2PL&3M | *hshetswa | |
| 35 | 2NS&3I | *jetshi | |
| 36 | 1+2DU:3 | *tniː | |
| 37 | 1+2DU:3M | *hshetni | |
| 38 | 1+2PL:3 | *t… | |
| 39 | 1+2PL:3M | *hshetwa | |
| 40 | 1+3DU:3 | *jakni | |
| 41 | 1+3DU:3M | *hshakni | |
| 42 | 1+3PL:3 | *jakwa | |
| 43 | 1+3PL:3M | *hshakwa | |
| 44 | 3:1DU | *kniː | |
| 45 | 3M:1DU | *hshõkni | |
| 46 | 3:1PL | *kʷ… | |
| 47 | 3M:1PL | *hshõkwa | |
| 48 | 1+2NS:3I (limited to Iroquoia) | *jethi | |
| 49 | 1+3NS:3I (> Hu. 1NS:3I) | *jakhi | |
| 50 | 3I:1NS (> Tu. 1NS&3I) | *jõkhi | |
| 51 | 3SG:3 (lexically determined variant 1) | *ka | |
| 52 | 3SG:3 (lexically determined variant 2) | *wa | |
| 53 | 3SGM:3 | *hɹa | |
| 54 | 3:3SG | *juː | |
| 55 | 3:3SGM | *hɹo | |
| 56 | 3DU:3 | *kni | |
| 57 | 3DUM:3 | *hni | |
| 58 | 3NS:3 (> PNI 3PL:3) | *wantiː | |
| 59 | 3PL:3 (second variant, in competition with *wati, #58) | *kõti | |
| 60 | 3PLM:3 | *hɹati | |
| 61 | 3:3NS | *juːntiː | |
| 62 | 3:3NSM | *hɹoti | |
| 63 | 3I:3 | *je | |
| 64 | 3:3I | *jako | |
| 65 | 3SGM:3I | *hshako | |
| 66 | 3A:3SGA (> Ch. 3NS:3SG, PNI 3I:3SG) | *kõːwa | |
| 67 | 3I:3SGM | *hɹõwa | |
| 68 | 3A:3NSA (> Ch. 3NS:3NS, PNI 3I:3NS) | *kõːwantiː | |
| 69 | 3I:3NSM | *hɹõwati | |
| 70 | 3NS:3I (limited to Iroquoia) | *jakoti | |
| 71 | 3NSM:3I (limited to Iroquoia) | *hshakoti | |
| 72 | 2:1.SG.IMP | *take | |
| 73 | 2:1.DU.IMP | *takni | |
| 74 | 1:2.PL.IMP | *takwa | |
| 75 | 2SG:3.IMP | *tse | |
| 76 | reflexive | *ataːt | |
| 77 | semireflexive (lexically determined variant 1) | *at | |
| 78 | semireflexive (lexically determined variant 2) | *aɹ | |
| 79 | joiner vowel | *a | |
| 80 | nominalizer (lexically determined variant 1) | *hsɹ | |
| 81 | nominalizer (lexically determined variant 2) | *Ɂtshɹ | |
| 82 | causative-instrumental (lexically determined variant 1) | *t | |
| 83 | causative-instrumental (lexically determined variant 2) | *hst | |
| 84 | instrumental | *hkw | |
| 85 | reversive (PNI lexically determined variant 1) | *kʷ | |
| 86 | reversive (lexically determined variant 2) | *hsj | |
| 87 | inchoative | *Ɂ | |
| 88 | dative-benefactive (PNI lexically determined variant 1) | *ts | |
| 89 | dative-benefactive (lexically determined variant 2) | *ẽ | |
| 90 | dative-benefactive (lexically determined variant 3) | *ni | |
| 91 | dislocative (lexically determined variant 1) | *n | |
| 92 | dislocative (lexically determined variant 2) | *h | |
| 93 | dislocative (lexically determined variant 3) | *ts | |
| 94 | dislocative (lexically determined variant 4) | *tsɹ | |
| 95 | dislocative (lexically determined variant 5, limited to Iroquoia) | *ɹ | |
| 96 | distributive (lexically determined variant 1) | *njõː | |
| 97 | distributive (lexically determined variant 2) | *nõː | |
| 98 | distributive (lexically determined variant 3) | *hõː | |
| 99 | distributive (lexically determined variant 4) | *õː | |
| 100 | distributive (lexically determined variant 5) | *ɹõː | |
| 101 | distributive (lexically determined variant 6) | *ɹjõː | |
| 102 | distributive (lexically determined variant 7) | *tsõː | |
| 103 | distributive (lexically determined variant 8) | *tsɹõː | |
| 104 | progressive | *tjeɁ | |
| 105 | present suffix (lexically determined variant 1) | *hs | |
| 106 | present suffix (lexically determined variant 2) | *ts | |
| 107 | present suffix (lexically determined variant 3) | *haɁ | |
| 108 | present suffix (lexically determined variant 4) | *h | |
| 109 | imperfective suffix (cf. Cherokee imperfective verbs inhsk) | *hsk | |
| 110 | past habitual suffix | *kʷ | |
| 111 | punctual suffix (lexically determined variant 1) | *Ɂ | |
| 112 | punctual suffix (lexically determined variant 2) | *ẽɁ | |
| 113 | punctual suffix (lexically determined variant 3) | *Ø | |
| 114 | punctual suffix (lexically determined variant 4) | *n | |
| 115 | perfect suffix (lexically determined variant 1) | *õh | |
| 116 | perfect suffix (lexically determined variant 2) | *ẽh | |
| 117 | perfect suffix (lexically determined variant 3) | *Ø | |
| 118 | perfect suffix (lexically determined variant 4) | *eɁ | |
| 119 | perfect suffix (lexically determined variant 5) | *ih | |
| 120 | past perfect suffix | *n | |
| 121 | facilitative suffix | *nskõːh | |
| 122 | modalizer suffix | *k | |
| 123 | noun suffix | *aɁ | |
| 124 | authenticative suffix | *õweh | |
| 125 | characterizer suffix | *haːɁ | |
| 126 | decessive suffix | *kẽh | |
| 127 | intensifier suffix | *tsih | |
| 128 | locative suffix | *keh | |
| 129 | populative suffix (lexically determined variant 1) | *ɹonõɁ | |
| 130 | populative suffix (lexically determined variant 2) | *kaːɁ |
Lexicon edit
Reconstructed lexical roots and particles from Julian (2010):
| No. | Gloss | Proto-Iroquoian | Proto-Northern Iroquoian | Proto-Mohawk-Oneida | Huron (Common Huron-Petun) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 131 | path, road, trail | *-ah-, *-(a)hah- | |||
| 132 | be bad, be ugly, be useless | *-(a)hetkẽɁ | |||
| 133 | be salty, be sour | *-ahjoɁtsihs, *-oɁtsihst- | |||
| 134 | bark, wood, wood chips | *-ahkaɹ- | |||
| 135 | be ten | *-ahnshẽːh | |||
| 136 | ear | *-(a)hõht- | |||
| 137 | count | *-(a)hɹaːt- | |||
| 138 | hear, speak a language, understand | *-ahɹõk- | |||
| 139 | foot | *-aːhs-, *-aːhsiɁt- | |||
| 140 | three | *ahsẽh | |||
| 141 | string | *ahsɹijeɁ | |||
| 142 | shoe | *-ahtahkʷ-, *ahtaɁ | |||
| 143 | be forbidden, be prohibited, be strict, be taboo | *-ahtjawẽɹeɁ | |||
| 144 | abandon, give up, leave behind, let go, quit, release | *-ahtkaɁw- | |||
| 145 | disappear, vanish | *-ahtõ-, *-ahtõɁ- | |||
| 146 | hide | *-ahtseht- | |||
| 147 | argue for, compete for, contend for, fight for | *-ahtskehnh- | |||
| 148 | not yet, still | *ahtsõh, *atsõh | |||
| 149 | night | *-ahtsõːh- | |||
| 150 | connect, fasten, join together | *-ahtsõtɹ- | |||
| 151 | be durable, be hard, be strong | *-akanst-, *-anst-, *-kanst- | |||
| 152 | be a number, be an amount, be that many | *-akeːh, *-keːh | |||
| 153 | be bad | *-aksẽːh | |||
| 154 | cry | *-anstaɹ- | |||
| 155 | outdoors, outside | *ansteh | |||
| 156 | shoe | *-aɹaːhsu- | |||
| 157 | be cousins | *-aɹaɁtseːɁ | |||
| 158 | about, almost, approximately | *aɹeɁ | |||
| 159 | be inside, be one, be present, be within, exist | *-aːt | |||
| 160 | speak, talk | *-atati-, *-atatj- | |||
| 161 | bathe, swim | *-atawẽ- | |||
| 162 | climb over, go over | *-atawẽːhɹat- | |||
| 163 | be ashamed, be embarrassed | *-ateːhẽːh- | |||
| 164 | be burning, burn | *-atek- | |||
| 165 | burn, cause to burn, light a fire | *-atekaɁt- | |||
| 166 | use to light a fire | *-atekaɁtahkw- | |||
| 167 | be a doctor, cure, heal | *-atetsjẽɁt- | |||
| 168 | food taken along, provisions | *-atẽnaɁtshɹ- | |||
| 169 | be a member of the Wolf Clan (limited to Iroquoia) | *-athahjõniːh | |||
| 170 | be cold, be cold out, cold | *-athoɹ-, *athoɁ | |||
| 171 | hear | *-athõː- | |||
| 172 | garter (limited to Iroquoia) | *-athsinh-, *-athsinhatshɹ- | |||
| 173 | be burnt, be consumed, be used up, burn, use oneself up | *-athsɁaht- | |||
| 174 | abandon, throw, throw out | *-ati-, *-atj-, *-õti-, *-õtj- | |||
| 175 | draw, pull, stretch | *-atiɹõːt- | |||
| 176 | get dressed, put on (limited to Iroquoia) | *-atjaɁtawiɁt- | |||
| 177 | harbour, hold back, keep | *-atjenawahst- | |||
| 178 | be cheap, be easy, be profligate, squander | *-atjets- | |||
| 179 | look at | *-atkahthw- | |||
| 180 | purulence, pus | *-atkẽhtsɹ- | |||
| 181 | be a sorceror, be a spirit, have inherent power | *-atkõɁ | |||
| 182 | axe | *atokẽɁ | |||
| 183 | spoon (limited to Iroquoia) | *-atokw-, *-atokwaɁtshɹ- | |||
| 184 | hunt | *-atoɹaːt- | |||
| 185 | breathe | *-atõːɹ- | |||
| 186 | laugh, laugh out loud (limited to Iroquoia) | *-atõtaɹikt- | |||
| 187 | meet, meet by chance | *-atɹaɁ- | |||
| 188 | grandchild, have as grandchild | *-atɹe- | |||
| 189 | be green, be new | *-atseːɁ | |||
| 190 | be glad, be happy | *-atshẽnõni- | |||
| 191 | dry out, dry up, evaporate, run dry | *-atst-, *-atstathẽ- | |||
| 192 | abandon, lend, let go, spare (limited to Iroquoia) | *-atwẽteht- | |||
| 193 | fence, palisade | *-atɁẽhɹ- | |||
| 194 | belong to, own, possess | *-awẽh | |||
| 195 | stir | *-awẽɹi-, *-awẽɹj- | |||
| 196 | water | *awẽɁ | |||
| 197 | be small | *-aɁ-, *-aɁaːh | |||
| 198 | lace, net, netting, web (limited to Iroquoia) | *-aɁaɹ- | |||
| 199 | dew | *-aɁawj - | |||
| 200 | strike | *-aɁe- | |||
| 201 | become dark, become night | *-aɁkaɹaɁ-, *-aɁkɹaɁ- | |||
| 202 | snow, snowflake (limited to Iroquoia) | *-aɁkɹ- | |||
| 203 | turtle (limited to Iroquoia) | *-aɁnowaɹ-, *-Ɂnowaɹ- | |||
| 204 | be hot, be warm | *-aɁtaɹihẽːh | |||
| 205 | heat, sweat | *-aɁtaɹihẽhsɹ- | |||
| 206 | axe | *-aɁtsɹ- | |||
| 207 | be extinguished, fire to go out | *-aɁtsw- | |||
| 208 | extinguish, put out a fire | *-aɁtswaht- | |||
| 209 | come, go, go on foot, walk | *-e- | |||
| 210 | remember | *-ehjahɹ- | |||
| 211 | believe, think | *-eːɹ- | |||
| 212 | heart | *-eɹjahs- | |||
| 213 | a lot, much | *etsoɁ, *itsoɁ, *itswaɁ | |||
| 214 | above, high, over | *eɁnkẽh, *heɁnkẽh | |||
| 215 | flower (limited to Iroquoia) | *-ẽh- | |||
| 216 | day (limited to Iroquoia) | *-ẽhnitsɹ- | |||
| 217 | be uncle to, have as nephew or niece | *-ẽhwatẽɁ, *-jẽhwatẽɁ | |||
| 218 | be born, establish oneself | *-ẽnakɹaːt- | |||
| 219 | day | *-ẽt- | |||
| 220 | be finished, be over, be prepared, be ready, come to an end | *-ẽtaɁ- | |||
| 221 | drop, fall | *-ẽɁ- | |||
| 222 | nine | *ẽɁtɹõɁ, *waɁtɹõh, *waɁtɹõɁ | |||
| 223 | council fire, flame, torch | *-hahsɹ- | |||
| 224 | cornstalk, grass | *-heɹ- | |||
| 225 | shout, yell | *-hẽɹeht- | |||
| 226 | clearing, field, meadow | *-hẽt- | |||
| 227 | mark, write | *-hjatõ- | |||
| 228 | book, something marked, something written | *-hjatõhsɹ- | |||
| 229 | claw | *-hkaɹ- | |||
| 230 | current, moving water, rapids | *-hnaw- | |||
| 231 | arm, shoulder | *-hnẽː- | |||
| 232 | command, employ, hire | *-hnhaɁ- | |||
| 233 | door | *-hnhoh-, *-hnhohw- | |||
| 234 | close a door, door to be closed | *-hnhotõ- | |||
| 235 | have jowls protruding (> cattle, cow) | *-hnh(o/õ)hskʷ(a/e)ɹõːt | |||
| 236 | feed, put in the mouth | *-hnhõtho-, *-hnhõthw- | |||
| 237 | be durable, be hard, be solid, be strong | *-hniɹ- | |||
| 238 | thigh | *-hnitsh- | |||
| 239 | neck, throat | *-hnj- | |||
| 240 | tie | *-hnɹ- | |||
| 241 | basswood | *-hohsɹ-, *-hotsɹ- | |||
| 242 | bread | *-hɹahkʷ- | |||
| 243 | feather | *-hɹaɁt- | |||
| 244 | cut | *-hɹen- | |||
| 245 | fall, fall over | *-hɹjenẽɁ-, *-ɁɹhjenẽɁ- | |||
| 246 | tell (limited to Iroquoia) | *-hɹoɹi-, *-hɹoɹj- | |||
| 247 | name, reputation | *-hsẽn- | |||
| 248 | dough (limited to Iroquoia) | *-hsheɁɹ-,-hsheɁɹh- | |||
| 249 | depression, depth, hole, hollow. | *-hshõw- | |||
| 250 | detest, dislike, hate | *-hshwahẽ-, *-hshwẽ- | |||
| 251 | ankle, knee | *-hsinkoɁt- | |||
| 252 | slow | *-hskanẽ- | |||
| 253 | be good (limited to Iroquoia) | *-hskaːths | |||
| 254 | deer | *-hskẽnõtõɁ | |||
| 255 | bone | *-hskẽɁɹ-; *-hskẽɁɹakeht- be a warrior, lit. carry the bone | |||
| 256 | head | *-hskʷ- | |||
| 257 | finger, hand | *-hsnõhs-, *-hsnõɁ | |||
| 258 | be fast, be quick | *-hsnuːɹiɁ | |||
| 259 | be ancestor to, be grandparent to | *-hsoːt | |||
| 260 | build, make, prepare | *-hsɹõːn- | |||
| 261 | use | *-hst- | |||
| 262 | marrow | *-hstahɹõw- | |||
| 263 | be little, be small | *-hsthwih, *-hstwih | |||
| 264 | back | *-hsw- | |||
| 265 | board, wood | *-hswẽɁkaɹ-, *-hwẽɁkaɹ-, *-hwẽɁkhaɹ- | |||
| 266 | complete, exhaust, finish | *-hsɁ-, *-ihsɁ- | |||
| 267 | have as older sibling, have as older maternal female cousin | *-htsiɁ | |||
| 268 | colour, dye, paint | *-htsuːhw- | |||
| 269 | family | *-hwatsiɹ- | |||
| 270 | be round | *-hweɁnõniːh | |||
| 271 | foam | *-hwẽɁnst- | |||
| 272 | force, strength | *-hwihsh- | |||
| 273 | five | *hwihsk | |||
| 274 | metal, money | *-hwihst- | |||
| 275 | be, be the one, exist | *-iː- | |||
| 276 | be dead, die | *-ihej- | |||
| 277 | cross over | *-ihjaɁk-, *-jahjaɁk- | |||
| 278 | creek, river | *-ijhõh-, *-ijhõhw-, *-wjhõh- | |||
| 279 | be beautiful, be good, be great | *-ijoːh | |||
| 280 | emerge, go out, put out | *-inkẽɁ- | |||
| 281 | far | *iːnõh | |||
| 282 | mattress, sheet, spread | *-inskaɹ- | |||
| 283 | be sitting, sit (limited to Iroquoia) | *-inskoːt | |||
| 284 | saliva, spit, spittle | *-inskɹ- | |||
| 285 | fish scale | *-inst- | |||
| 286 | cliff, rock, rock bank | *-instẽhɹ-, *-nstẽhɹ- | |||
| 287 | sleep | *-itaɁw-, *-itɁo- | |||
| 288 | crowd, group | *-itjohkʷ- | |||
| 289 | you | *iːts | |||
| 290 | shoot | *-iɁaːk-, *-iɁjaːk-, *-Ɂjaːk- | |||
| 291 | clan, clay, hearth | *-iɁtaɹ-, *-Ɂtaɹ- | |||
| 292 | abide, dwell, reside, sit | *-iɁtɹõ- | |||
| 293 | exit, go out, leave | *-jakẽɁ- | |||
| 294 | footprint, gait, track | *-jan- | |||
| 295 | be a chief, be good, be lawful, be proper (limited to Iroquoia) | *-janɹ- | |||
| 296 | law | *-janɹehsɹ-, *-janrẽhsɹ- | |||
| 297 | break, cut | *-jaɁk- | |||
| 298 | being, body, carcass, corpse, person | *-jaɁt- | |||
| 299 | wake up | *-je- | |||
| 300 | add, contribute, mix | *-jehst- | |||
| 301 | capture, catch, grab | *-jena-, *-jenaw- | |||
| 302 | act, do, happen to | *-jeɹ- | |||
| 303 | be complete, be just, be perfect, be right | *-jeɹi- | |||
| 304 | body | *-jeːɹõɁ- | |||
| 305 | smile | *-jeːts- | |||
| 306 | be situated, exist, have, put down, set down, sit down | *-jẽ- | |||
| 307 | hit, strike | *-jẽht- | |||
| 308 | firewood, wood (limited to Iroquoia) | *-jẽt- | |||
| 309 | accumulate, beget, get, obtain | *-jẽtaɁ- | |||
| 310 | know | *-jẽteɹ- | |||
| 311 | plant, sow | *-jẽtho-, *-jẽthw- | |||
| 312 | flay, skin | *-jẽtsɹ- | |||
| 313 | have as child | *-jẽɁ- | |||
| 314 | smoke, tobacco | *-jẽɁkʷ- | |||
| 315 | enter | *-jõ- | |||
| 316 | eat | *-k- | |||
| 317 | butterfly | *kahnaːwẽːh | |||
| 318 | look at (limited to Iroquoia) | *-kahnɹ- | |||
| 319 | eye | *-kahɹ- | |||
| 320 | four | *kajeɹih | |||
| 321 | be old | *-kajõ- | |||
| 322 | anywhere, somewhere (limited to Iroquoia) | *kankaɁ | |||
| 323 | pipe | *kanõːnowẽɁ | |||
| 324 | bite | *-kaɹ- | |||
| 325 | account, price, story | *-kaɹ- | |||
| 326 | roll, turn around (limited to Iroquoia) | *-kaɹhateni-, *-kaɹhatenj- | |||
| 327 | invert, roll over, turn over | *-kaɹhatho-, *-kaɹhathw- | |||
| 328 | tree | *kaɹhit, *keɹhit, *keɹhiɁ, *kɹaheːt, *kɹahit | |||
| 329 | come here! | *katsih | |||
| 330 | paddle, row | *-kaweː- | |||
| 331 | lift, raise | *-kensko-, *-kenskʷ- | |||
| 332 | see | *-kẽ-, *-kẽːh | |||
| 333 | be old | *-kẽhtsi- | |||
| 334 | summer | *-kẽnh- | |||
| 335 | be white | *-kẽɹat | |||
| 336 | peel, scrape (limited to Iroquoia) | *-kẽtsɹ- | |||
| 337 | divide, separate | *-kh-, *-khahsi-, *-khahsj-, *-khahsk- | |||
| 338 | elbow | *-khjuːhs- | |||
| 339 | food, meal | *-khw- | |||
| 340 | chipmunk | *kihɹjuɁkẽh | |||
| 341 | dog | *kiːɹ | |||
| 342 | hair | *-kiɁɹh- | |||
| 343 | crow | *koːhkaːɁ | |||
| 344 | be a lot, be many, be much | *-koɁtiɁ | |||
| 345 | face | *-kõːhs- | |||
| 346 | eel | *kõteh | |||
| 347 | bowl, dish, plate | *-kts- | |||
| 348 | acorn, oak | *kuːɹeh | |||
| 349 | be big, be large | *-kuwa-, *-kʷa- | |||
| 350 | pick up | *-kʷ- | |||
| 351 | be able | *-kʷeni-, *-kʷenj- | |||
| 352 | that, the, this | *nV(H) | |||
| 353 | domestic animal, prisoner, slave | *-nahskʷ- | |||
| 354 | be autochthonous, dwell, reside | *-nakɹ- | |||
| 355 | bed, place, room, space | *-nakt-, *-nakʷt- | |||
| 356 | camp, city, settlement, town, village | *-nat- | |||
| 357 | grain, wheat | *-natsj- | |||
| 358 | be melted, be warm, be wet | *-nawẽːh | |||
| 359 | antler, horn | *-naɁkaɹ- | |||
| 360 | imitate | *-naɁkeɹ- | |||
| 361 | bread | *-naɁtaɹ- | |||
| 362 | call (limited to Iroquoia) | *-naɁtõhkʷ- | |||
| 363 | cauldron, kettle, pail, pot | *-naɁtsj- | |||
| 364 | liquid | *-neː- | |||
| 365 | ice | *-neːhst-, *-neːhstwaɹ | |||
| 366 | corn, grain, kernel | *-nẽh- | |||
| 367 | now | *nẽh | |||
| 368 | steal | *-nẽːhskʷ- | |||
| 369 | sand; stone | *-nẽːj- | |||
| 370 | arm | *-nẽtsh- | |||
| 371 | be stingy (limited to Iroquoia) | *-niɁ- | |||
| 372 | marry | *-njaːk- | |||
| 373 | neck | *-njaɹ- | |||
| 374 | lake | *-njataɹ- | |||
| 375 | wampum | *-nkoɁɹ-, *-nkoɁɹh- | |||
| 376 | blood | *-nkõ-, *-nkʷẽhs- | |||
| 377 | red (limited to Iroquoia) | *-nkʷẽhtaɹ- | |||
| 378 | begin to snow | *-nkʷẽɁ- | |||
| 379 | be cold | *-noːh | |||
| 380 | tooth | *-noɁts-, *-noɁtsj- | |||
| 381 | medicine | *-nõhkʷ-, *-nõhkʷaɁt-, *-nõhkʷaɁtshɹ- | |||
| 382 | house | *-nõhs- | |||
| 383 | be painful, be sore, hurt | *-nõhwakt- | |||
| 384 | admire, like | *-nõhweɁ- | |||
| 385 | hill, mountain | *-nõt- | |||
| 386 | corn soup, hominy (limited to Iroquoia) | *-nõtaɹ- | |||
| 387 | brain, head | *-nõːtsiː- | |||
| 388 | breast, milk | *-nõɁt- | |||
| 389 | fungus, mushroom | *-nɹahs- | |||
| 390 | leaf | *-nɹaht- | |||
| 391 | get involved, help | *-nsteːɹ- | |||
| 392 | corn husk | *-nuːɹ- | |||
| 393 | be difficult, be unable to, fail to do | *-nuːɹõ- | |||
| 394 | winter, year | *-ohsɹ- | |||
| 395 | throw (limited to Iroquoia) | *-ojɁaːk- | |||
| 396 | split | *-oɹẽ- | |||
| 397 | be, be standing, exist, stand upright | *-oːt | |||
| 398 | be at the end, end | *-oɁkt- | |||
| 399 | dig (limited to Iroquoia) | *-oɁkʷaːt- | |||
| 400 | hand | *-oɁnj- | |||
| 401 | be of a kind, be of a sort | *-oɁtẽːh | |||
| 402 | earth, land, world | *-õhwẽtsj- | |||
| 403 | go beyond, go through, leak, pass through, penetrate, reach | *-õːkuːh- | |||
| 404 | sift | *-õːkuːhst- | |||
| 405 | be a person, human being | *-õkʷeh, *-õkʷehsɹ-, *-õkʷeɁt- | |||
| 406 | be alive, life, live | *-õːnh- | |||
| 407 | rain | *-õnoːt- | |||
| 408 | pot | *-õːt- | |||
| 409 | put into the fire | *-õːt- | |||
| 410 | be attached, have as a body part | *-õːt | |||
| 411 | remove from the fire | *-õːtakʷ- | |||
| 412 | be a lake, lake | *-õːtaɹiɁ | |||
| 413 | be in, be on | *-ɹ- | |||
| 414 | moon to be present, planet to be present, sun to be present | *-ɹ- | |||
| 415 | moon, planet, sun | *-ɹahkʷ- | |||
| 416 | erase, rub out, wipe out | *-ɹakew- | |||
| 417 | choose, pick out, select | *-ɹako-, *-ɹakw- | |||
| 418 | sap, syrup | *-ɹan- | |||
| 419 | heel | *-ɹat- | |||
| 420 | climb | *-ɹathẽ-, *-ɹaɁthẽ- | |||
| 421 | adhere, stick, stick on | *-ɹaɁnẽtaːk- | |||
| 422 | incantation, song, spell, witchcraft | *-ɹẽn- | |||
| 423 | bush, forest, woods | *-ɹhat- | |||
| 424 | coat with, put on | *-ɹho- | |||
| 425 | be paternal aunt to | *-ɹhok | |||
| 426 | socks, leggings | *-ɹiː- | |||
| 427 | affair, business, thing, matter | *-ɹihw- | |||
| 428 | fight, kill | *-ɹijo-, *-ɹjo- | |||
| 429 | animal | *-ɹjoːɁ | |||
| 430 | blue, sky | *-ɹõhj- | |||
| 431 | log, tree | *-ɹõt- | |||
| 432 | chop | *-ɹɁo-, *-ɹɁok- | |||
| 433 | be present, exist | *-t- | |||
| 434 | and, besides | *tahnũɁ | |||
| 435 | run | *-takh- | |||
| 436 | woodpecker | *taɹaːɹ | |||
| 437 | flint | *tawiːhskaɹaɁ | |||
| 438 | two | *tekniːh | |||
| 439 | eight | *tekɹõɁ | |||
| 440 | change | *-teni-, *-tenj- | |||
| 441 | mosquito | *-tẽːhs- | |||
| 442 | alternate, differ | *-tih- | |||
| 443 | skunk | *tiɁɹ | |||
| 444 | nearby | tjohskẽẽɁ | |||
| 445 | snake | tjoɁxjẽtsihk | |||
| 446 | decay, rot, spoil | *-tkẽː- | |||
| 447 | how, how many, how much (limited to Iroquoia) | *toːh | |||
| 448 | be certain, be exact, be true | *-tokẽːh | |||
| 449 | stand | *-toɁn- | |||
| 450 | bluejay (limited to Iroquoia) | *tɹiɁtɹiːɁ | |||
| 451 | beans | *tsaheɁ, *-tsaheɁt- | |||
| 452 | bottle, gourd, jar | *-tsheɁ, *-tsheɁt-, *-tsheɁw- | |||
| 453 | club, fist, knot | *-tsihkʷ- | |||
| 454 | robin | *tsiːhskʷoːɁkʷoːɁ | |||
| 455 | otter, seal | *tsiːjẽh | |||
| 456 | salt | *-tsikheɁt- | |||
| 457 | be male | *-tsin | |||
| 458 | fire | *-tsiːɹ | |||
| 459 | coal, ember, fire, spark | *-tsist- | |||
| 460 | fox, lynx | *tsitshoɁ | |||
| 461 | bile, green, yellow | *-tsiɁnkʷaɹ- | |||
| 462 | bird | *tsiɁtẽɁ | |||
| 463 | corn tassel | *-tsiːɁtsiːɁ | |||
| 464 | seven | *tsjatahk | |||
| 465 | tobacco | *-tsjoːɹ- | |||
| 466 | six; seven | *tsjotaɹeɁ | |||
| 467 | fish | *-tsjõɁt- | |||
| 468 | be daughter-in-law | *-tsoɁ | |||
| 469 | dream, sleep | *-tsɹẽht- | |||
| 470 | put into the water | *-uː- | |||
| 471 | remove from the water | *-uːkʷ- | |||
| 472 | cover | *-uːɹ- | |||
| 473 | splash water, sprinkle | *-uːtsɹ- | |||
| 474 | whippoorwill | *waɁkuhɹiːɁ | |||
| 475 | say, speak | *-we- | |||
| 476 | language, voice, word | *-wẽn- | |||
| 477 | thumb (limited to Iroquoia) | *-whjõhkaɹ- | |||
| 478 | young person | *-wiːnõːh | |||
| 479 | baby, child, infant, offspring | *-wiɹ- | |||
| 480 | arm, fin, wing | *-wj- | |||
| 481 | wing | *-wjahũtsh- | |||
| 482 | learn, teach | *-wjẽhst- | |||
| 483 | know how, learn how | *-wjẽhw-, *-wjẽw-, *-wjẽɁ- | |||
| 484 | craft, manner, skill, way | *-wjẽn- | |||
| 485 | become capable, learn how | *-wjʌ̃tehtaɁ- | |||
| 486 | be good | *-wohst | |||
| 487 | air, wind | *-wɹ- | |||
| 488 | arrow | *-Ɂn- | |||
| 489 | bone | *-Ɂnẽj- | |||
| 490 | egg | *-Ɂnhõhs- | |||
| 491 | mind, spirit | *-Ɂnikõhɹ- | |||
| 492 | be late, delay | *-Ɂnitsko-, *-Ɂnitskʷ- | |||
| 493 | escape, flee, run away | *-ɁnjakẽɁ- | |||
| 494 | nose | *-Ɂnjõːhs- | |||
| 495 | be envious, be jealous, envy | *-Ɂnonsh- | |||
| 496 | be powerful, be strong | *-Ɂnshanst- | |||
| 497 | drown, fall into water | *-ɁtskoɁ- | |||
| 498 | drag, drive, pull, ride | *-Ɂtsɹ- |
References edit
- Charles Julian (2010) A history of the Iroquoian Languages[1], University of Manitoba