Appendix:Proto-Keresan reconstructions

Proto-Keresan reconstructions:

Miller & Davis (1963)

no.	gloss	Proto-Keresan
1	closed	*-ʔáˑʔᴀ; *c̍ʔáˑʔᴀ
2	arrive	*-ʔác̍ɪ; *záʔác̍ɪ
3	cooking pot	*ʔádàus̆ɪ
4	tether	*ʔáˑdʸáˑnɪ
5	there	*ʔáisí
6	lamp	*ʔánáiẓáṅɪ
7	chair, pillow	*ʔánámát̠ɪ
8	tasty	*ʔáṅéˑ-za
9	knee	*ʔás̆ɪ; gáʔás̆ɪ
10	wheat	*ʔáṣánɪ
11	metate	*ʔáˑwáˑṅɪ
12	he is willing	*ʔé-gu
13	his name	*ʔéˑ-gá
14	remember	*ʔéʔé-gu
15	go (plural)	*-ʔégᴜ; *zéʔégᴜ
16	sneeze	*ʔésu-gᴀ
17	centipede	*ʔíʔìˑdʸawa
18	liver	*ʔíʔínâˑni
19	cholla cactus	*ʔiˑbánɪ
20	bark	*ʔíˑč̇ánání
21	flour	*ʔín̍áˑwí
22	excrement	*ʔiˑsa
23	arrow	*ʔísdúwa
24	one	*ʔísgᴀ
25	meat	*ʔíšâiˑni
26	grease, lard	*ʔíṣat̍ɪ
27	porcupine	*ʔiˑṣ̍á
28	life	*ʔíyâˑní
29	hot	*ʔɨ́rɨ́ˑ
30	give	*-ʔíᴜ; *zâuʔᴜ
31	dwell	*-ʔᴜ; *gâuʔᴜ
32	leggings	*ʔúˑbᴀsdʸán̍ɪ
33	earrings	*ʔúkúˑyá-ṁɪ
34	warrior society	*ʔu̍ˑpɪ
35	sun	*ʔúṣâˑẓᴀ
36	basket	*ʔút̍áˑn̍ɪ, *ʔúˑt̍áˑn̍ɪ
37	bowl	*ʔúwáist̍án̍ɪ
38	baby	*ʔúwàˑḵa
39	match	*ʔúˑwísgɨ́zɪ
40	grandchild, grandparent	*báˑba̍ˑ
41	wake up	*-bádʸɨ; *ċíˑbádʸɨ
42	fire, to build a	*-báyᴀ; *súbáyᴀ
43	tell	*-be; *síube
44	eat	*-bᴇ; *kúbᴇ, *ku̍ˑbᴇ
45	toad	*bêˑrak̠ᴀ
46	wood, to fetch	*-bí; *súbí
47	smooth	*-bîˑrizᴀ; *ka̍ubîˑrizᴀ
48	dark	*-bɪs̆ᵻ; *ḱábɪs̆ᵻ
49	purple	*bís̆ɨ́ˑná
50	lopsided	*bíyáˑ-za
51	west	*bɨ́-
52	enter	*-bᵻ; *gúbᵻ
53	put in	*-bɨnaiʔɪ; *s̍áubɨnaiʔɪ
54	log	*bɨ́ẓâˑm̍ɪ
55	torso	*búmúˑná
56	butterfly	*búˑr̍àigᴀ
57	odor	*bùˑṣᴜ-gᴀ
58	lightning	*búẓuw̍ist̠ɪ
59	breathe	*cáˑ-gᴀ
60	breath	*càˑc̠ɪ
61	wing	*cáˑp̠ɪ
62	wall	*cèˑc̠ɪ
63	turkey	*cinᴀ
64	fox	*cúsk̠ɪ
65	fly	*c̍âˑp̠ɪ
66	angry	*-c̍ayawᴀ; *kúc̍ayawᴀ
67	broken	*c̍áyú̠-zɪ
68	chew	*-c̍êˑnazᴀ; *káʔáuc̍êˑnazᴀ
69	deep	*-c̍ɪ; *k̍ác̍ɪ
70	need	*-c̍íbᵻ; *zíuc̍íbᵻ
71	locust	*c̍íˑga
72	Zia Pueblo	*c̍íˑy̍á
73	water	*c̍ízɪ
74	rain	*-c̆ᴀ; *kàˑc̆ᴀ
75	side	*c̆áˑdʸa
76	tomorrow	*c̆ámá
77	three	*c̆émɪ
78	kiva	*c̆ídʸá
79	yellow	*-c̆in̍ɪ; *k̍uˑc̆in̍ɪ
80	burp	*-c̆úˑ-gᴀ
81	hot	*-č̇ᴀ; *gâˑc̐ᴀ
82	steal	*-c̐áwᴀ; *kúˑc̐áwᴀ
83	medicine man	*č̇áyâˑni
84	hawk	*č̇ɨ́ˑríga
85	horned toad	*dabínᴜsk̠ᴀ
86	heel	*-dák̍ᴀ; *séˑdák̍ᴀ
87	Santa Ana Pueblo	*dámáyá
88	squash	*dâˑni
89	moon	*dâw̍áˑẓᵻ
90	give	*-di; *zìudi, *gùˑdi
91	corn husk	*díˑskámí
92	feed	*-di̍ˑša (*-dîˑšaʔ); *c̍ídi̍ˑša
93	dog	*díyᴀ
94	cliff	*-dúwɪ; *kádúwɪ
95	stocking	*dúwim̍išɪ
96	pet	*-dʸáˑ; *k̍ádʸá
97	catch	*-dʸa; *zídʸa
98	bobcat	*dʸáˑdʸᴜ
99	eagle	*dʸáˑmí
100	four	*dʸâˑna
101	deer	*dʸán̍é
102	fast (abstain from eating)	*-dʸašɪ
103	early	*dʸáwa
104	gourd	*dʸáˑwí
105	piñon pine	*dʸèic̠ɪ
106	north	*dʸídʸᴀ
107	above	*dʸíní
108	elk	*dʸɨ́ˑṣᴀ
109	two	*dʸûˑ-w̍éˑ
110	badger	*dʸúˑbí
111	brother of a man	*dʸúmᵻ; *k̍ádʸyúmᵻ
112	beans	*gánami
113	white	*gášé
114	seed	*gáwɪc̠ɪ
115	morning	*gáˑyu
116	and	*gu
117	bite	*-gᴜ; *gàˑgᴜ
118	firewood	*gùˑc̠ɪ
119	bear	*gúháyᴀ
120	eight	*gúk̍úmɪšᵻ
121	sell	*-gúyᴀ; zígúyᴀ
122	east	*háˑ-
123	land	*háʔác̍ɪ
124	yucca	*háʔásc̐á
125	finger-nail	*háʔáw̍íˑc̐á-ni
126	claw	*háʔáw̍íˑc̐ánani
127	oak	*ha̍ˑbánɪ
128	feather	*háˑbí
129	navel	*hádáw̍ini
130	coals	*hâˑk̍aˑni
131	tobacco	*hâˑmiˑ
132	beard	*háˑmúšaˑni
133	long ago	*hám̍aˑ
134	hand	*hám̍ᴀsdíʔini
135	ice	*hâˑm̍éˑ
136	naked	*hánâˑm,
137	pine tree	*hâˑniˑ
138	people	*hánᴜ
139	shoe	*háˑs̐uwim̍ɪ, *háˑs̐úwím̍ɪ
140	pollen	*háˑt̍awé
141	who	*háu
142	yawn	*háu-gᴀ
143	snow	*háˑwéˑ
144	stalk (of a plant)	*háwiẓɨni
145	prayer-stick	*háẓam̍ɨni
146	hair	*háˑẓɨ́nɪ
147	Jemez Pueblo	*héˑmíšíˑ-cɪ, *héˑmíšíˑ-zé
148	cloud	*hénat̍ɪ
149	turtle	*héyᴀdʸɪ
150	fog	*héyàˑšɪ
151	I, we	*hínᴜ
152	knife	*hìˑsgai
153	arrowhead	*hìˑst̍íyaˑni
154	you	*híṣᴜ
155	road	*híyâˑni
156	seed	*híˑẓɨni
157	willow	*híẓᵻsk̍áwa
158	dove	*húˑʔùˑga
159	saliva	*húˑbɨ́nɪ
160	wool	*hùˑséní
161	yucca fruit	*hùˑsk̍ani
162	sky	*húwak̍ᴀ
163	eye	*húwanáʔani
164	milk	*húwîˑni
165	hear	*-káˑ; *k̍ákáˑ
166	see	*k̠ᴀčᴀ; *gùˑk̠ᴀčᴀ, *gúˑk̠ᴀčᴀ
167	summer	*káṣâidɪ
168	broken	*káyú-zɪ
169	antelope	*kɨ́ˑc̠ɪ
170	burn	*kɨ́ˑẓᵻ-gᴀ
171	situated	*-k̠ᴜ; *ga̍ˑk̠ᴜ
172	winter	*kúˑkᵻ
173	thread a needle	*-kûˑyau; *zíkûˑyau
174	mouth	*-k̍ᴀ; *c̍îˑk̍ᴀ, *zîˑk̍ᴀ
175	wolf	*k̍ákana
176	spider	*k̍ámᴀsk̠ᵻ
177	heat of the sun	*k̍ánani
178	rainbow	*k̍ásdʸâˑc̍ɪ
179	moss	*k̍áwina
180	ten	*k̍ázɪ
181	friend	*-k̍îˑni, *k̍áuk̍îˑni
182	clown	*k̍ɨṣáirí
183	woman	*k̍úˑ, *k̍úwí
184	wife	*-k̍ui; *k̍âuk̍ui
185	sister of a man	*-k̍ûiẓᴀ; *k̍ák̍ûiẓᴀ
186	string (noun)	*-k̍úmɪ; *ċíuk̍úmɪ, *kúk̍úmíná
187	last night	*k̍úṣᴀ
188	mountain	*k̍úˑtí
189	game animal	*k̍úyàitɪ
190	old woman	*k̍úˑyáu-ẓá
191	thigh	*-maˑ; *kâˑmaˑ
192	girl	*ma̍ˑgɨ́ˑ-za
193	leaf	*másâˑni
194	boy	*mɨ́ˑdéˑ
195	kill	*-mɨdʸɪzᴀ; *gúmɨdʸɪzᴀ
196	black	*mɨ̂ˑnagan̍ɪ
197	buttocks	*-múc̐ᴀ; *gáumūc̐ᴀ
198	mountain lion	*mûˑk̍aiẓᴀ
199	dented	*múr̍ᴀ-zɪ
200	buffalo	*múšêiẓᴀ
201	soapweed	*múšɪ
202	house	*-m̍ᴀ; *gâˑm̍ᴀ
203	clay	*m̍íˑc̍ɪ
204	seven	*m̍àidʸaˑna
205	dipper	*m̍ák̍ᴀ
206	word	*m̍áˑní
207	palm of the hand	*-m̍aˑp̠ᴀ; *gám̍aˑp̠ᴀ
208	moth	*m̍ídá
209	others	*m̍ídá
210	salt	*m̍ína
211	ashes	*m̍ísc̐ai
212	alkali	*m̍íst̠ɪ
213	hummingbird	*m̍îˑzᴀ
214	salty	*-m̍ᵻ; *zéˑm̍ᵻ
215	leave	*-m̍ᵻ; *gúmᵻ
216	eye	*-ná; *k̍âˑná
217	new	*nàˑceˑ
218	food	*nác̍í
219	stomach	*-nac̐ᴀɪ
220	head	*-násgái; *gánásgái
221	uncle, nephew	*-náwé; *k̍áˑnáwé
222	mother	*-nâˑya; *kánâˑya
223	know	*-ni; *gúni
224	rubber	*nɨ́ˑʔɨ́ẓᵻ
225	prairie dog	*nɨ́t̠ɪ
226	separate	*núwáiná
227	survive	*n̍ám̍ᴀzᴀ; *kín̍ám̍ᴀzᴀ
228	body	*n̍í; *sín̍í
229	down	*n̍ɨ́
230	lungs	*pánᴀc̠ɪ
231	bag	*pâˑni
232	bedbug	*peséc̍uru
233	cracked	*pét̍ᴀ-gᴀ
234	forehead	*-pɪ; *k̍ùˑp̠í
235	buckskin	*pìˑc̠ɪ
236	flat	*písc̐ᴀ-zɪ
237	skin	*písc̐ánani
238	blow	*-pùˑzᴀ; *síupùˑzᴀ
239	salamander	*p̍águra
240	good	*ráwáˑ
241	rabbit	*rèˑdʸᴀ
242	fat	*rîˑwagan̍ɪ
243	small	*rɨ́ˑ-
244	all	*sái
245	sun rays	*-sbí; *gáisbí
246	woodpecker	*sbíga
247	chicken	*sbíˑná
248	string (verb)	*-sbíẓᴀ; *kúsbíẓᴀ
249	jug	*sbúˑná
250	burst	*sc̐ác̍ɪ-gᴀ
251	meadowlark	*sc̐áˑná
252	cut hair	*sc̐ánᴀwᴀ; *kúsc̐ánᴀwᴀ
253	twilight	*sc̐áp̠ᵻˑgᴀ
254	grasshopper	*sc̐ár̍ɪ
255	tender	*sc̐áẇᵻ-zɪ
256	trousers	*-sc̐áẓán̍ɪ; *ẇíˑsc̐áẓán̍ɪ, *áisc̐áẓán̍ɪ
257	fast	*sc̐áẓɨ́ˑ
258	squeal	*-sc̐èˑzᴀ; *gúˑsc̐èˑzᴀ
259	six	*sc̐ísᴀ
260	crow	*sc̐ɨ́r̍á
261	swallow	*sc̐úˑ-sᴇ
262	wild honey	*sc̐úmᵻ
263	cough	*sc̐úṣᴜ-sᴇ
264	mosquito	*sc̐úy̍úˑná
265	breeze	*-sdayᴀ; *zèˑsdayᴀ
266	foot	*-sdi; *kásdi
267	temple	*-sduˑ; *sèusduˑ
268	suck	*-sdʸᴀ; *zíˑsdʸᴀ
269	brown	*-sdʸɪrɪ; *k̍ùisdʸɪrɪ
270	fill	*-sé; *c̍íˑsé
271	sure	*se̍ˑgᴀ
272	fur	*-séˑn̍é; *kúséˑn̍é
273	twisted	*sgɨ́ẓᵻ-zɪ
274	ant	*síˑʔí
275	squirrel	*síˑdʸᴀ
276	flesh	*sínani
277	eyelash	*-síp̠ᴀ; *ciˑsíp̠ᴀ
278	bird, sp.	*sír̍úˑ
279	mouse	*síyan̍ᵻ
280	wrong doing	*sìˑ-zɪ
281	middle	*sɨ́nᴀ
282	bighorn sheep	*skàˑsk̠ᴜ
283	blue, green	*-sk̠ᵻ-, *k̍ùisk̠ᵻ
284	giant	*skúˑy̍ᴜ
285	drink	*-sk̍ᴀ; *gísk̍ᴀ
286	bullsnake	*sk̍áʔáˑdʸᴜ
287	fish	*sk̍àˑšᵻ
288	turn around	*-sk̍ɨ́ˑʔᵻẓᴀɪ; *sa̍isk̍ɨ́ˑʔᵻẓᴀɪ
289	round	*sk̍ɨ́r̍ɪ-zɪ
290	spherical	*sk̍úrú-zɪ
291	peas	*sk̍úrúˑná
292	plate	*spéráˑná, *pérazɪšɪ
293	dwarf corn	*spíníní
294	chicken pox	*spúrúˑná
295	peck	*-sp̍ék̍ᴜzᴀ; *kúsp̍ék̍ᴜzᴀ
296	singe hair	*-st̍amuc̐ᴀzᴀ; *c̍ást̍amuc̐ᴀzᴀ
297	get water	*-st̍á; *kúst̍á
298	give liquid	*-st̍i
299	melt	*-st̍ɪt̠ᴜ; *c̍íst̍ɪt̠ᴜ
300	straight	*-st̍ɨ́ˑ-zɪ
301	die	*-st̍ᴜ; *kùˑst̍ᴜ
302	pointed	*-st̍úk̍ᴜ-zɪ
303	sharp	*-st̍úw̍ɪ-zɪ
304	yesterday	*súwá, *súˑ
305	step	*-šᴀ; *kášᴀ
306	parrot	*šâˑwit̠ᴀ
307	flea, louse	*šínaˑ
308	hip	*šᵻbᴀ
309	goose	*šúˑdá
310	snake, sp.	*šùˑga
311	corpse	*šûˑmɨˑ
312	spit	*šúp̠ᵻ-sᴇ
313	turquoise	*šúwimu
314	borrow	*-s̐iˑzᴀ; *síus̐iˑzᴀ
315	scattered	*ṣám̍áˑ
316	torn	*ṣárɪ-gᴀ
317	raw	*ṣící
318	blue jay	*ṣúisɪ
319	snake	*ṣûˑwiˑ
320	crooked	*ṣúw̍ɪ-zɪ
321	five	*tâˑm̍ᴀ
322	work	*-tâˑn̍iẓᴀ; *kútâˑn̍iẓᴀ
323	esteem	*ténéˑ-gu
324	teeth	*-t̠ɪ; *za̍ˑt̠ɪ
325	back	*t̠ɪdʸᴀ; *k̍át̠ɪdʸᴀ
326	full	*-t̍á; *gíˑt̍á
327	step on	*t̍ᴀ; *zîˑt̍ᴀ
328	visit	*-t̍àˑnᴇ; *gúˑt̍àˑnᴇ
329	grind	*-t̍ɪwᴀ; *káʔâˑt̍ɪwᴀ
330	tongue	*wáˑčɨ́n̍ɪ
331	dress, shirt	*wágɨn̍ɪ
332	bird snare	*wáˑsɪ
333	young of animal	*wa̍ˑst̍ɪ
334	soft	*wáṣ̍ᴀ-zɪ
335	medicine	*wáˑwá
336	root	*wáˑwáiẓɨni
337	brother of a woman	*-waẓᵻ; *k̍áwaẓᵻ
338	stir	*-wáẓᵻša; *síwáẓᵻša, *síwáẓᵻšayᴀ
339	chest	*-wic̍ɪ; *gáwic̍ɪ
340	neck	*-wîˑẓa; *gáwîˑẓa
341	face	*-wa; *k̍úwa, *k̍úwaw̍ɪ
342	abalone shell	*w̍a̍ˑbɨ́nɪ
343	eagle down	*w̍abúˑsc̐ᴀ
344	hunt	*-w̍àˑnᴇ; *súw̍àˑnᴇ
345	sour	*-w̍ᴀsdá; *k̍áw̍ᴀsdá
346	son-in-law	*-w̍a̍ˑti; *k̍áw̍a̍ˑti
347	duck	*w̍âˑyuṣᴀ
348	sweet	*-w̍eˑʔᴇ; *kúw̍eˑʔᴇ
349	child	*-w̍ɪ; *k̍âˑw̍ɪ
350	heart	*w̍ínᴜsgᴀ
351	cigarette	*w̍ìˑsp̍ɪ
352	born	*-yá; *cíyá
353	sand	*yáʔái
354	corn silk	*yábášɪ
355	corn	*yáˑčínɪ
356	mesquite	*yêˑt̠ᴜ
357	worm	*yúʔúbɨ́
358	intestines	*y̍áʔáwâˑni
359	staff of office	*y̍áˑbí
360	look for (singular object)	*-y̍áibᴀ; *zíy̍áibᴀ
361	find	*-y̍âin̍ᴀ; *zíy̍âin̍ᴀ
362	brains	*y̍àˑsbu̍ˑẓaˑni
363	stone	*y̍âuni
364	stick	*y̍áw̍ᴀstí
365	crippled	*y̍âˑyu
366	arm	*-y̍ûˑm̍ɪ; *cíy̍ûˑm̍ɪ, *gáy̍ûˑm̍ɪ
367	song	*y̍ûˑni
368	shoulder	*y̍úˑsbiˑni
369	corn cob	*y̍úˑskúm̍á
370	sing	*-y̍ùˑtᴀ; *súy̍ùˑtᴀ
371	no	*zá
372	say	*-za; *k̍áza
373	plains	*zàˑdʸa
374	old	*záwini
375	language	*zêˑni
376	lie down	*-zi; *káʔáizi
377	go (singular)	*zùˑ-gᴜ
378	pay	*-zúwᴀ; *zíˑzúwᴀ
379	horn	*-ẓᴀ; *záẓᴀ
380	awake	*-ẓáˑčúwᴀ; *ki̍ˑẓáˑčúwᴀ, *kíˑẓáˑčúwᴀ
381	club	*ẓàic̠ɪ
382	husband	*ẓɨ́; *k̍áˑẓɨ́
383	house	*-ẓᵻ; *káẓᵻ
384	smoke (tobacco)	*ẓᵻkᴀ; *ka̍ˑẓᵻkᴀ