Appendix:Proto-Otomi reconstructions
Proto-Otomi reconstructions by Newman & Weitlaner (1950):[1]
Newman & Weitlaner (1950) edit
Abbreviations edit
- NE = Northeastern (or Sierra) Otomí
- IXT = Ixtenco
- NW = Northwestern (or Mesquital) Otomí
- SW = Southwestern Otomí
List edit
| No. | English gloss | Proto-Otomi | notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | to sleep | *ʔãhã | |
| 2 | grandchild | *ʔbɛto | |
| 3 | to come | *ʔẽhẽ | |
| 4 | to hurt | *ʔə | |
| 5 | chile | *ʔi | |
| 6 | woman's brother | *ʔidã | |
| 7 | sour | *ʔiši | |
| 8 | broom | *ʔmbaši | |
| 9 | one | *ʔna | |
| 10 | companion | *ʔño | |
| 11 | road | *ʔñũ | |
| 12 | man | *ʔñʌhʌ | |
| 13 | to write | *ʔopho | |
| 14 | nothing | *ʔotho | |
| 15 | flea | *ʔɔ | |
| 16 | bridge | *ʔrani | |
| 17 | potato | *ʔrokʔa | |
| 18 | to give | *ʔuni | |
| 19 | salt | *ʔũ | |
| 20 | to hear | *ʔʌde | |
| 21 | hen | *ʔʌni | |
| 22 | to do | *ʔʌtʔe | |
| 23 | maguey | *ʔwada | |
| 24 | to rain | *ʔwãi | |
| 25 | rain | *ʔye | |
| 26 | hand, arm | *ʔyɛ | |
| 27 | metate rolling pin | *ʔyə | |
| 28 | root | *ʔyə | |
| 29 | neck | *ʔyəga | |
| 30 | tobacco | *ʔyəi | |
| 31 | to talk | *ʔyo | |
| 32 | dog | *ʔyo | |
| 33 | reed | *ʔyo | |
| 34 | needle | *ʔyophani | |
| 35 | dry | *ʔyotʔi | |
| 36 | to cure | *ʔyʌthe | |
| 37 | child | *bãci | |
| 38 | 3rd pers. subj. with verb preterite | *bi- | |
| 39 | lead (metal) | *bʌsnã | |
| 40 | tail | *cʔə | |
| 41 | pig | *cʔədi | |
| 42 | teeth | *cʔi | |
| 43 | bad, dirty | *cʔo | |
| 44 | avocado | *cʔɔni | |
| 45 | to bite | *ca | |
| 46 | woman's father-in-law | *ca | |
| 47 | molars | *caphi | |
| 48 | to burn | *cãtʔi | |
| 49 | cold | *cɛ | |
| 50 | to suck | *cə | |
| 51 | to obtain | *cədi | |
| 52 | to eat, to drink | *ci | |
| 53 | small | *ci | |
| 54 | fire | *cibi | |
| 55 | female | *cu | NE and IXT |
| 55 | female | *cũ | SW |
| 56 | to burn | *cʌ | |
| 57 | star | *cʌ | |
| 58 | to arrive | *cʌhʌ | |
| 59 | little | *čʔə | |
| 60 | eagle | *čəni | |
| 61 | to harvest | *čopho | |
| 62 | female | *ču | |
| 62 | female | *čũ | NW |
| 63 | big | *dã | |
| 64 | water | *dehe | |
| 65 | forehead | *dẽ | |
| 66 | sparrow hawk | *dɛ | |
| 67 | tomato | *dɛmši | |
| 68 | onion | *dɛnši | |
| 69 | palm tree | *dɛnthi | |
| 70 | kid | *dɛnzũ | |
| 71 | wild cherry | *dɛse | |
| 72 | Aztec language | *dɛsnã | |
| 73 | live coals | *dɛspi | |
| 74 | maize | *dɛthã | |
| 75 | lamb, cotton | *dɛti | |
| 76 | stone | *do | |
| 77 | earthenware pan for cooking maize cakes | *doʔyo | |
| 78 | egg | *doni | |
| 79 | eye | *dɔ | |
| 80 | spoon | *dɔci | |
| 81 | to die | *dũ | |
| 82 | old, big | *dʌ | |
| 83 | flower | *dʌni | |
| 84 | nine | *gəto | |
| 85 | water of | *gi- | |
| 86 | four | *goho | |
| 87 | entrance | *gošti | |
| 88 | to snore | *gɔni | |
| 89 | ear | *gũ | |
| 90 | fog | *gũi | |
| 91 | foot | *gwa | |
| 92 | where? | *habə | |
| 93 | to carry inanimate object | *hã | |
| 94 | yes | *hã | |
| 95 | to sneeze | *hecʔe | |
| 96 | deep | *hẽ | |
| 97 | to spin thread | *hẽtʔi | |
| 98 | paper | *hɛʔmi | |
| 99 | to whistle | *həši | |
| 100 | man's paternal aunt | *hi | |
| 101 | no | *hina | |
| 102 | dance | *hnẽi | |
| 103 | town | *hnini | |
| 104 | breath | *hñã | |
| 105 | speech, language | *hñã | |
| 106 | man's father-in-law | *hñã | |
| 107 | eight | *hñãto | |
| 108 | ravine | *hñẽ | |
| 109 | to get sick | *hñẽni | |
| 110 | three | *hñũ | |
| 111 | food | *hñũni | |
| 112 | to kill | *ho | |
| 113 | to search | *honi | |
| 114 | earth | *hɔi | |
| 115 | name | *hũ | |
| 116 | step-relative | *hʌ- | |
| 117 | wing | *hwa | |
| 118 | fish | *hwã | |
| 119 | maize land | *hwãhĩ | |
| 120 | daughter-in-law | *hwɛ | |
| 121 | lightning | *hwɛi | |
| 122 | sun | *hyadi | |
| 123 | heavy | *hyə | |
| 124 | horsefly | *kʔa | |
| 125 | blue, green | *kʔangi | |
| 126 | yellow | *kʔaštʔi | |
| 127 | snake | *kʔẽñã | |
| 128 | hiccough | *kʔətʔi | |
| 129 | adobe | *kʔohɔi | |
| 130 | prickly pear | *kãhã | |
| 131 | dye | *kəhə | |
| 132 | to grind | *kəni | |
| 133 | five | *kətʔa | |
| 134 | to enter | *kətʔi | |
| 135 | to be, to exist | *kha | |
| 136 | holy | *-khã | |
| 137 | wall | *khãdo | |
| 138 | tongue | *khãne | |
| 139 | year | *khɛya | |
| 140 | bean | *khə | |
| 141 | beard | *khqni | |
| 142 | stone for grinding maize, maize dough | *khəni | |
| 143 | blood | *khi | |
| 144 | nobody | *kho | |
| 145 | wall | *khoti | NE and IXT |
| 146 | wall | *khotʔi | SW |
| 147 | man's sister | *khũ | |
| 148 | door | *khũtʔi | |
| 149 | to pay | *khũtʔi | |
| 150 | skirt, petticoat | *khʌde | |
| 151 | rabbit | *khwa | |
| 152 | maguey-fiber cloth | *khwa | |
| 153 | knife | *khwai | |
| 154 | man's older brother | *khwãda | |
| 155 | woman's sister | *khwɛ | |
| 156 | man's brother-in-law | *ko | |
| 157 | to return | *kohi | |
| 158 | woman's mother-in-law | *kɔ | |
| 159 | man's brother, man's younger brother | *kũ | |
| 160 | to go | *ma | |
| 161 | half | *made | |
| 162 | sky | *mahẽcʔi | |
| 163 | yesterday | *mande | |
| 164 | ear of corn | *manša | |
| 165 | above | *maña | |
| 166 | to shout | *maphi | |
| 167 | to say | *mã | |
| 168 | milk | *mba | |
| 169 | pitcher | *mbada | |
| 170 | loom | *mbe | |
| 171 | crate | *mbeza | |
| 172 | woman | *mbɛhñã | NW and SW |
| 173 | to work | *mbɛphi | |
| 174 | man's sister-in-law | *mbɛpo | |
| 175 | in, inside | *mbo | |
| 176 | black | *mboi | |
| 177 | mother | *me | |
| 178 | tortilla | *hmẽ | |
| 179 | spider | *meše | |
| 180 | relative | *mẽni | |
| 181 | son-in-law | *mɛhã | |
| 182 | after | *mɛpha | |
| 183 | peon | *mɛphi | |
| 184 | belly, stomach, heart | *məi | |
| 185 | coyote | *minʔyo | |
| 186 | crock | *mohui | |
| 187 | priest | *mɔkhã | |
| 188 | gourd | *mũ | |
| 189 | bird | *ncʔə | |
| 190 | wind, air | *n-dãhi | |
| 191 | late | *n-de | |
| 192 | hail | *n-do | |
| 193 | bone | *n-doʔyo | |
| 194 | seed | *n-dɔ | |
| 195 | mouth | *ne | |
| 196 | to want, to like | *ne | |
| 197 | to dance | *nẽi | |
| 198 | belt, girdle | *n-gəʔti | |
| 199 | fiesta | *n-go | |
| 200 | thunder | *n-gɔni | |
| 201 | amount | *-ngu | |
| 202 | rat, mouse | *n-gũ | |
| 203 | house | *n-gũ | |
| 204 | meat | *n-gʌ | |
| 205 | skirt, petticoat | *n-gʌde | |
| 206 | church | *nikhã | |
| 207 | to confess | *nkhwãni | |
| 208 | fat | *noho | |
| 209 | to bathe | *nšaha | |
| 210 | toys | *ntʔẽni | |
| 211 | to meet | *nthɛ | |
| 212 | (stem) | *nu- | a bound stem for lexemes of substitution, used with pronominal suffixes to form independent pronouns and with the following place and time demonstratives |
| 213 | here | *nugwa | |
| 214 | there | *nuni | |
| 215 | there | *nunə | |
| 216 | yonder | *nupə | |
| 217 | now | *nuya | |
| 218 | head | *ñã | |
| 219 | to speak | *ñã | |
| 220 | knee | *ñãhmũ | |
| 221 | doctor | *ñẽi | |
| 222 | conjurer, shaman | *ñẽte | |
| 223 | noise | *ñəni | |
| 224 | full | *ñũdi | |
| 225 | Otomí language | *ñũhũ | |
| 226 | heat, hot, day | *pa | |
| 227 | buzzard | *pada | |
| 228 | shirt | *pahni | |
| 229 | to sweep, rubbish | *paši | |
| 230 | to know | *pãdi | |
| 231 | to stink | *pãhã | |
| 232 | to weave | *pe | |
| 233 | sparrow hawk | *pencʔə | |
| 234 | to wash clothes | *peni | |
| 235 | horse | *phani | |
| 236 | hat | *phəi | |
| 237 | to stumble | *phəncʔi | |
| 238 | to exceed | *pongi | |
| 239 | to sell | *pɔ | |
| 240 | to ascend | *pʌcʔe | |
| 241 | to leave | *pʌni | |
| 242 | new | *raʔyo | |
| 243 | six | *rato | |
| 244 | ten | *rɛtʔa | |
| 245 | twenty | *rote | |
| 246 | finger | *saha | |
| 247 | pulque | *sẽi | |
| 248 | nixtamal | *suni | |
| 249 | sweat | *šanthe | |
| 250 | mountain | *šanthʌ | |
| 251 | maguey fiber | *šãhĩ | |
| 252 | nopal | *šãntʔã | |
| 253 | cedar | *šãza | |
| 254 | dust-storm | *šɛdi | |
| 255 | to break | *šɛki | |
| 256 | to wash oneself | *šəki | |
| 257 | eagle | *šəni | |
| 258 | back, in back of | *šətha | |
| 259 | leaf | *ši | covering in compounds |
| 260 | wool, blanket | *šiʔyo | |
| 261 | woman | *šicu | NE and IXT |
| 262 | cup | *šimo | |
| 263 | lungs | *šinči | |
| 264 | leg | *šinthe | |
| 265 | nose | *šiñũ | |
| 266 | to tell | *šiphi | |
| 267 | shingle | *šithẽ | |
| 268 | to open | *šoki | |
| 269 | to harvest | *šopho | |
| 270 | fingernail | *šɔ | |
| 271 | to pray, to read | *šɔdi | |
| 272 | hair | *štã | |
| 273 | girl | *šũci | |
| 274 | morning | *šũdi | |
| 275 | night | *šũi | |
| 276 | above | *šʌcʔe | |
| 277 | pitcher | *šʌni | |
| 278 | digging stick, plow | *tʔabi | |
| 279 | unfermented juice of maguey, honey | *tʔaphi | |
| 280 | white, silver | *tʔaši | |
| 281 | grasshopper | *tʔãši | |
| 282 | corn-flour gruel | *tʔẽi | |
| 283 | metal, bell | *tʔɛgi | |
| 284 | sickle | *tʔɛšə | |
| 285 | son | *tʔə | |
| 286 | daughter | *tʔišũ | |
| 287 | louse | *tʔo | |
| 288 | mountain, hill | *tʔʌhʌ | |
| 289 | father | *ta | |
| 290 | to ripen | *tã | |
| 291 | what? | *te | |
| 292 | torch pine | *tədi | |
| 293 | butterfly | *təmə | |
| 294 | ear of corn | *thã | |
| 295 | to answer | *thãdi | |
| 296 | thread | *thãhĩ | |
| 297 | to tie | *thãtʔi | |
| 298 | to marry | *thãti | |
| 299 | a chalky rock | *the | |
| 300 | necklace | *thebe | |
| 301 | to laugh | *thede | |
| 302 | a cold | *thehe | |
| 303 | tamale | *thẽdi | |
| 304 | charcoal | *thẽñã | |
| 305 | red | *thɛni | |
| 306 | outside | *thi | |
| 307 | to enter | *thogi | |
| 308 | to touch | *thoni | |
| 309 | bread | *thũhmẽ | |
| 310 | name | *thũhũ | |
| 311 | bench | *thũhni | |
| 312 | to run | *tihi | |
| 313 | breast | *tiñã | |
| 314 | drunk | *tĩ | |
| 315 | man's mother-in-law | *to | |
| 316 | to fall down | *tɔgi | |
| 317 | to buy, market | *tɔi | |
| 318 | to plant maize | *tũ | |
| 319 | to sing | *tũhũ | |
| 320 | frog | *wɛ | |
| 321 | associative 1st and 2nd persons | *-wi | |
| 322 | person who extracts the juice of the maguey | *yaphi | |
| 323 | to be fragrant | *yəni | |
| 324 | elbow | *yəni | |
| 325 | candle | *yo | |
| 326 | two | *yoho | |
| 327 | seven | *yoto | |
| 328 | tree, stick | *za | plant in composition |
| 329 | pig | *zakhwa | |
| 330 | jaguar | *zate | |
| 331 | moon, month | *zãnã | |
| 332 | to greet | *zɛngwa | |
| 333 | monkey | *zəpa |
References edit
- ^ Newman, Stanley and Robert Weitlaner. 1950. Central Otomian I: Proto-Otomi Reconstructions. International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 16, No. 1 (Jan., 1950), pp. 1-19. University of Chicago Press.