Appendix:Proto-Pomo reconstructions

Proto-Pomo reconstructions:[1]

McLendon (1973) edit

gloss Proto-Pomo
acorn *biʔdú
afraid, to be *kʰiˑyá, *kʰiyáˑ
angelica *baʔk̓ówa
arm *ʔiˑxál(ʸ)
armpit *daˑyamá-
arrow *hic̓úˑ
arrow *baṭʰíy
ashes *hiˑnó(x̣ò)
back *bak̓oˑ
backbone *hiʔk̓i, *k̓idí
bark (of tree) *qʰahwálʸ
basket, sp. *c̓óˑy
basket, sp. *kʰiṭúˑ
basket, pack (open-woven) *buhqʰál
basket, pack (close-woven) *buhkí ?
basket, pounding *miké
bear *buˑṭáqa(lʸ)
bear, brown *limá(ˑ) ?
bee *koʔó(lʸ), *kaʔolʸó
behind, rear *siˑlí, *silíˑ
belly *ʔuhqʰá(ˑ)
below *ʔiyów
big, sg. *bahṭʰé, *bahṭʰén
big, pl. *ʔahṭʰíy, *ʔahṭíynʸ
bird *c̓iyíta ~ *c̓ihtá
bite, to *qaˑné-
blackfish *xaqʰál
blanket *ʔihxí(ˑ)
blood *baˑláy
body *xiʔbá
bone *ʔihyá(ˑ)
bow *xihmúy, *xi(ʔ)mi
brains, head, protuberance *hoʔt̓ó
bread, acorn *qʰaṭó(ˑ)
break wind *ʔihpʰéṭ-
breast, milk *xiʔdónʸ
brother, mother's *cúˑ-c̓i ~ *céˑ-c̓i
brother, older *méqi
brother, father's younger *kéqi
brother-in-law (i.e., wife's brother ?) *mahá-, *háˑ
buckeye *bahxá
buckeye nuts when soaked *dihsá
bumblebee *kʰeˑhéy
burn *maˑlí- ~ *mahlá-
bush, sp. *qȧ(h)nóˑ
buzzard *kuhkʰí
carry in hands, to *bi-ʔdíˑ-d(i)-
causative *-hqa
chaparral *seʔé
chest *yeʔélʸ
child *qaˑwí
clam *x̣alá/ú
claw *héˑc̓
cloud *qʰaʔbá(ˑ), *qʰaʔbú
clover *ʔohsó
cold *qahcíl, *qacˑi
come, to *(h)wáˑdu-
cook, bake under ashes, to *ʔihpʰá-
cottontail (rabbit) *nóˑmik
cottonwood *qaxálabʔ ~ *qáxalabʔ
coyote *doˑwí
creek *biʔdá
dance/song *qʰé
daughter-in-law *-ʔódʔ
daughter-in-law *xowmi(ˑ-c̓i)
dawn, morning *qʰaʔˑá
day *makílʸ, *maˑkí
deer/meat *bihxé
die, to *q̓alálʸ ~ *q̓alá-
directional *-lal
dirty *c̓áʔc̓a
doe *maṭʰéy
door *hohwá
dove *maˑyú, *maˑyúˑ
dream, to *qʰaʔadˑú-
drink, to *hoʔq̓ó(k)
duck *q̓aˑyán (~ *q̓ayáˑn ?)
durative *-kid-
ear *xiˑmánʸ
earth *ʔa(h)máṭ
east *ʔaxóˑ
eat, chew, to *qawá-
eat, to *kuhˑú-
egg *hik̓óˑ, *hik̓ó
elbow *q̓o/uhsá
embers, charcoal *mahsíkʔ/tʔ
enemy *kuhmá
excrement *ʔahpʰá
eye, face *huʔúy
fat *ʔihpʰúy
father *meʔˑé
father, father's *bá-ˑc̓i
father, mother's *-ká-ˑc̓i
fawn *nuhwákʔ
feather, small/down *ʔahṭʰé ~ *ʔahṭʰén ?
feather, large *hiʔˑí
fire *ʔohx̣ó
first person singular subject *haʔáˑ
first person singular object *ʔawí-toˑ
first person singular possessive prefix *ʔawí-
first personal plural subject *awá-ya
first personal plural object *ʔawá-ya-l
fish *ʔahxá
five *ṭuhxo
flea *ʔiˑméla
flesh *c̓iʔˑí
flint *qʰahká
fly, to (1) *hakˑá- ( ?)
fly, to (2) *pʰudí-
fly, n. *c̓amolʸ
food *maʔá
foot *qʰaˑmánʸ
forehead *diˑlé
forest, deep, dense (hence shaded) *xiˑyó
fox (1) *haq̓áw
fox (2) *duˑcá
frog *waˑṭakʔ/qʔ
give round object *dihqá-
go, several to *pʰilá
good *q̓oʔdí
goose *lála, *hláˑla
gopher ? *ʔaˑláme
grain, grain plant *muhká
grass *qac̓ˑá
grasshopper *xahqót
hair, of head *heʔˑé, *heʔey( ?)
hair, of body, fur *cihmé ~ *ciˑme
hand *ʔatʰáˑna ~ *ʔatʰaná
hawk *k̓iyáˑ
head *kináˑlʸ, *xináˑ/lʸ, *kʰináˑ ?
hear, to *xóˑki-
hemp *mahxá
hole *hiˑmó
horn *haʔˑá
hot, to be *muht̓ám-
house *ʔahká
hunt, to *boˑʔó
imperative singular *-im
jackrabbit *ʔaˑmáˑqala
jay *c̓ayi ~ *c̓aˑyi
jealous *ʔayél
kinsman, one's own, in generations above ego *-ˑc̓i
laugh, to *kʰuwáy
leach, to *kʰeʔé-
leaf (1) *siʔṭ̓ál
leaf (2) *xihpʰa
mountain *dȧˑnó
mouth *ʔahx̣á
mud *báˑto
mudhen (?) *qʰá-c̓iyàt ~ *qʰa-c̓it
mush, acorn *ṭʰoʔó(ˑ)
mushroom (1) *hic̓éˑ
mushroom (2) *k̓aˑlál
mussel (ocean clam ?) *lȧʔq̓ó
name *ʔahxí
navel *ʔohqó-hmo
neck *q̓óyu
negative (1) *-tʰin ?
negative (2) *kʰów ~ *akʰˑów
dip net *waˑyákʔ/qʔ
new *xiˑwéy
night *duwˑé
north *kuhˑúla ( ?)
nose *hiˑlá
oak, black *yuhxíy, *lixúy
oak, live (?) *maʔk̓i(bʔ)
oak, mush *c̓ipʰa, *c̓apʰˑa
oak, sp. *wiyú
oak, white *qaʔban/l-
object case *-al ~ *-to
occiput *kʰaˑyá
on, on top of, above *wína ~ *wináˑ
one *k̓á-, *káˑ-
onion, wild *qʰaʔbat/y
optative *-ix
pain *duṭʰál
panther *yahmóṭʔ
path *hiʔdá
people, group of people, village, race *nȧhpʰó
pepperwood tree *bahˑébʔ
pepperwood nut *bahˑé
phlegm *q̓uʔlés
pick up a non-long object, to *dihkí
pinole *yuhhú(ˑ), *yuhx̣ú(ˑ) ?, *yuhhúy, *yuhx̣úyʔ
pitch *qʰahwé, *qʰahwé
plural act (1) *-lV-
plural act (2) (with extent?) *-ma
plural number *-aya
poison, poisoning song *q̓oˑʔó ~ *q̓oʔóˑ
poison oak *hmaˑṭi̇́yu ~ *maˑṭi̇́yuho ?
potato, Indian *hiʔbúnʸ
pregnant *wiˑní
quail *xaqáˑqa
quail topknot *qʰéya ~ *ʔehqʰéya
raccoon *qʰaʔdús ~ *qʰahlús ?
rain *kehkʰé(ˑ) ~ *ihkʰé
raw/alive *qa(h)xó-
reciprocal *~(h)ma(ˑ)k̓ ~ *-ma(ˑ)k̓-
reciprocal relationship *-a(ˑ)q
rectum *haṭ̓á, *(ṭ̓i ?)
reed, sp. *c̓iwíx
reflexive *-i(ˑ)k̓i
rib *misˑá(ˑ)kʔ
ridge/mountain *wixálʸ
rock *qʰaʔbé
salt (1) *ṭaʔq̓o
salt (2) *kʰeʔéˑ
sand/gravel *miˑṭákʔ
saw apart, to *xuqʰáˑ-
seaweed, edible *ʔoˑṭóno
second person singular subject *ʔaˑmá
second person singular object *míˑ-to ~ *mí-to ~ *mi-tó
second person singular possessive prefix *mi-
second person plural subject *ʔaˑmá-ya
second person plural object *ʔaˑmá-ya-l
see *kád-, *káˑd-
seed * ?isóˑ, *ʔisóy
semelfactive *-ki-
sentence connective (1) *-pʰila
sentence connective (2) *-pʰi
sentence connective (3) *-in
separate from someone, to *q̓á(ˑ), *q̓a-(m-)(h)mak̓
shoulder *c̓uwáˑ
sibling, younger *ṭ̓áqi
sinew *hiˑmá
sister, father's *múc̓i ~ *múˑc̓i ~ *wéˑqi
sister, mother's older *ṭʰúˑc̓
sister, mother's younger *xéˑqi
sister, older *déˑqi
sister's husband *kóˑdʔ, *qóˑdʔ ?
sit, to *ká-
sit down, to *kahkí-
six *lanká, *káci
skin *ćʔdá
skunk *nupʰéṭ
sky *qalí, *qalínʸ
sleep, to *siˑmán
slow *pʰaláˑ
slug *paʔláˑ
smoke *ʔohx̣ósa(xà), *saxá
snot *hiˑlásu
snow *ʔihyúlʸ
soaproot *haʔˑá(ˑ)bʔ
son-in-law *hkéye
sour *móc̓ ~ *móˑc̓
south *ʔiyó
speculative *-xe-
spider *ʔikʰáˑ, *mikʰá, *ikʰá
spit *ʔihqʰetʔ
spleen *maṭ́éˑ
spring (of water) *(qʰa) qahpʰá
squirrel *kuˑmáṭʔ, *qumáṭ
stink, to *mihxé
stop doing, to *-hyéˑ-
stories, myths, to tell *maṭúˑ
string *suˑlímaṭʔ
suckerfish *xamólʸ
sun *haʔdá
sweat *mikʰˑéq
tail *hibá
talk, to *kȧhnów
tears *huʔuy-qʰà(ˑ)
testicles *yȧqolʸ
thing *á(ˑ)maˑ
third person masculine singular subject *hamíyabʔ
third person masculine singular object *hamíˑb-al
third person feminine singular subject *hamíyadʔ
third person feminine singular object *hamíˑd-al
third person singular possessive prefix *hamíyaˑ-
throat *mihyánʸ
tick *aṭ̓aʔláˑ
tongue *haʔbálʸ ~ *hawba(ˑ) ~ *hibʔa
tooth *hȧʔˑo
tree *qʰaˑlé
tule, round *bakóˑ
tule sprout *ṭʰiʔbéˑ
two *ʔaqʰóc
umbilicus *ʔohqó
uphill *dȧnóˑ
valley, clearing *qahqó
walk, to *hwáˑd-, *wáˑd-
water *ʔahqʰá
west (1) *mihila, *mix̣ila
west (2) *bóˑ
what *(baˑ)q́o(ˑ)
whistle *li(?)búˑ
white *qahlé
wildcat *dȧˑlóm(ʔ)
wind *ʔihyá
winter *qʰu(ʔ)c̓áˑ-
wolf *cihméwa ~ *ciméwa
woman *ʔimáˑta
wood *ʔahx̣áy
wood duck *waṭá-
wood rat *mihyóqʔ
worm (1) *biˑlá
worm (2) *ʔikʰólʸ

References edit

  1. ^ McLendon, Sally. 1973. Proto Pomo. (University of California publications in linguistics, 71.) Berkeley: University of California Press.
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South America (Arawakan)

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