gloss |
Proto-Pomo
|
---|
acorn |
*biʔdú
|
afraid, to be |
*kʰiˑyá, *kʰiyáˑ
|
angelica |
*baʔk̓ówa
|
arm |
*ʔiˑxál(ʸ)
|
armpit |
*daˑyamá-
|
arrow |
*hic̓úˑ
|
arrow |
*baṭʰíy
|
ashes |
*hiˑnó(x̣ò)
|
back |
*bak̓oˑ
|
backbone |
*hiʔk̓i, *k̓idí
|
bark (of tree) |
*qʰahwálʸ
|
basket, sp. |
*c̓óˑy
|
basket, sp. |
*kʰiṭúˑ
|
basket, pack (open-woven) |
*buhqʰál
|
basket, pack (close-woven) |
*buhkí ?
|
basket, pounding |
*miké
|
bear |
*buˑṭáqa(lʸ)
|
bear, brown |
*limá(ˑ) ?
|
bee |
*koʔó(lʸ), *kaʔolʸó
|
behind, rear |
*siˑlí, *silíˑ
|
belly |
*ʔuhqʰá(ˑ)
|
below |
*ʔiyów
|
big, sg. |
*bahṭʰé, *bahṭʰén
|
big, pl. |
*ʔahṭʰíy, *ʔahṭíynʸ
|
bird |
*c̓iyíta ~ *c̓ihtá
|
bite, to |
*qaˑné-
|
blackfish |
*xaqʰál
|
blanket |
*ʔihxí(ˑ)
|
blood |
*baˑláy
|
body |
*xiʔbá
|
bone |
*ʔihyá(ˑ)
|
bow |
*xihmúy, *xi(ʔ)mi
|
brains, head, protuberance |
*hoʔt̓ó
|
bread, acorn |
*qʰaṭó(ˑ)
|
break wind |
*ʔihpʰéṭ-
|
breast, milk |
*xiʔdónʸ
|
brother, mother's |
*cúˑ-c̓i ~ *céˑ-c̓i
|
brother, older |
*méqi
|
brother, father's younger |
*kéqi
|
brother-in-law (i.e., wife's brother ?) |
*mahá-, *háˑ
|
buckeye |
*bahxá
|
buckeye nuts when soaked |
*dihsá
|
bumblebee |
*kʰeˑhéy
|
burn |
*maˑlí- ~ *mahlá-
|
bush, sp. |
*qȧ(h)nóˑ
|
buzzard |
*kuhkʰí
|
carry in hands, to |
*bi-ʔdíˑ-d(i)-
|
causative |
*-hqa
|
chaparral |
*seʔé
|
chest |
*yeʔélʸ
|
child |
*qaˑwí
|
clam |
*x̣alá/ú
|
claw |
*héˑc̓
|
cloud |
*qʰaʔbá(ˑ), *qʰaʔbú
|
clover |
*ʔohsó
|
cold |
*qahcíl, *qacˑi
|
come, to |
*(h)wáˑdu-
|
cook, bake under ashes, to |
*ʔihpʰá-
|
cottontail (rabbit) |
*nóˑmik
|
cottonwood |
*qaxálabʔ ~ *qáxalabʔ
|
coyote |
*doˑwí
|
creek |
*biʔdá
|
dance/song |
*qʰé
|
daughter-in-law |
*-ʔódʔ
|
daughter-in-law |
*xowmi(ˑ-c̓i)
|
dawn, morning |
*qʰaʔˑá
|
day |
*makílʸ, *maˑkí
|
deer/meat |
*bihxé
|
die, to |
*q̓alálʸ ~ *q̓alá-
|
directional |
*-lal
|
dirty |
*c̓áʔc̓a
|
doe |
*maṭʰéy
|
door |
*hohwá
|
dove |
*maˑyú, *maˑyúˑ
|
dream, to |
*qʰaʔadˑú-
|
drink, to |
*hoʔq̓ó(k)
|
duck |
*q̓aˑyán (~ *q̓ayáˑn ?)
|
durative |
*-kid-
|
ear |
*xiˑmánʸ
|
earth |
*ʔa(h)máṭ
|
east |
*ʔaxóˑ
|
eat, chew, to |
*qawá-
|
eat, to |
*kuhˑú-
|
egg |
*hik̓óˑ, *hik̓ó
|
elbow |
*q̓o/uhsá
|
embers, charcoal |
*mahsíkʔ/tʔ
|
enemy |
*kuhmá
|
excrement |
*ʔahpʰá
|
eye, face |
*huʔúy
|
fat |
*ʔihpʰúy
|
father |
*meʔˑé
|
father, father's |
*bá-ˑc̓i
|
father, mother's |
*-ká-ˑc̓i
|
fawn |
*nuhwákʔ
|
feather, small/down |
*ʔahṭʰé ~ *ʔahṭʰén ?
|
feather, large |
*hiʔˑí
|
fire |
*ʔohx̣ó
|
first person singular subject |
*haʔáˑ
|
first person singular object |
*ʔawí-toˑ
|
first person singular possessive prefix |
*ʔawí-
|
first personal plural subject |
*awá-ya
|
first personal plural object |
*ʔawá-ya-l
|
fish |
*ʔahxá
|
five |
*ṭuhxo
|
flea |
*ʔiˑméla
|
flesh |
*c̓iʔˑí
|
flint |
*qʰahká
|
fly, to (1) |
*hakˑá- ( ?)
|
fly, to (2) |
*pʰudí-
|
fly, n. |
*c̓amolʸ
|
food |
*maʔá
|
foot |
*qʰaˑmánʸ
|
forehead |
*diˑlé
|
forest, deep, dense (hence shaded) |
*xiˑyó
|
fox (1) |
*haq̓áw
|
fox (2) |
*duˑcá
|
frog |
*waˑṭakʔ/qʔ
|
give round object |
*dihqá-
|
go, several to |
*pʰilá
|
good |
*q̓oʔdí
|
goose |
*lála, *hláˑla
|
gopher ? |
*ʔaˑláme
|
grain, grain plant |
*muhká
|
grass |
*qac̓ˑá
|
grasshopper |
*xahqót
|
hair, of head |
*heʔˑé, *heʔey( ?)
|
hair, of body, fur |
*cihmé ~ *ciˑme
|
hand |
*ʔatʰáˑna ~ *ʔatʰaná
|
hawk |
*k̓iyáˑ
|
head |
*kináˑlʸ, *xináˑ/lʸ, *kʰináˑ ?
|
hear, to |
*xóˑki-
|
hemp |
*mahxá
|
hole |
*hiˑmó
|
horn |
*haʔˑá
|
hot, to be |
*muht̓ám-
|
house |
*ʔahká
|
hunt, to |
*boˑʔó
|
imperative singular |
*-im
|
jackrabbit |
*ʔaˑmáˑqala
|
jay |
*c̓ayi ~ *c̓aˑyi
|
jealous |
*ʔayél
|
kinsman, one's own, in generations above ego |
*-ˑc̓i
|
laugh, to |
*kʰuwáy
|
leach, to |
*kʰeʔé-
|
leaf (1) |
*siʔṭ̓ál
|
leaf (2) |
*xihpʰa
|
mountain |
*dȧˑnó
|
mouth |
*ʔahx̣á
|
mud |
*báˑto
|
mudhen (?) |
*qʰá-c̓iyàt ~ *qʰa-c̓it
|
mush, acorn |
*ṭʰoʔó(ˑ)
|
mushroom (1) |
*hic̓éˑ
|
mushroom (2) |
*k̓aˑlál
|
mussel (ocean clam ?) |
*lȧʔq̓ó
|
name |
*ʔahxí
|
navel |
*ʔohqó-hmo
|
neck |
*q̓óyu
|
negative (1) |
*-tʰin ?
|
negative (2) |
*kʰów ~ *akʰˑów
|
dip net |
*waˑyákʔ/qʔ
|
new |
*xiˑwéy
|
night |
*duwˑé
|
north |
*kuhˑúla ( ?)
|
nose |
*hiˑlá
|
oak, black |
*yuhxíy, *lixúy
|
oak, live (?) |
*maʔk̓i(bʔ)
|
oak, mush |
*c̓ipʰa, *c̓apʰˑa
|
oak, sp. |
*wiyú
|
oak, white |
*qaʔban/l-
|
object case |
*-al ~ *-to
|
occiput |
*kʰaˑyá
|
on, on top of, above |
*wína ~ *wináˑ
|
one |
*k̓á-, *káˑ-
|
onion, wild |
*qʰaʔbat/y
|
optative |
*-ix
|
pain |
*duṭʰál
|
panther |
*yahmóṭʔ
|
path |
*hiʔdá
|
people, group of people, village, race |
*nȧhpʰó
|
pepperwood tree |
*bahˑébʔ
|
pepperwood nut |
*bahˑé
|
phlegm |
*q̓uʔlés
|
pick up a non-long object, to |
*dihkí
|
pinole |
*yuhhú(ˑ), *yuhx̣ú(ˑ) ?, *yuhhúy, *yuhx̣úyʔ
|
pitch |
*qʰahwé, *qʰahwé
|
plural act (1) |
*-lV-
|
plural act (2) (with extent?) |
*-ma
|
plural number |
*-aya
|
poison, poisoning song |
*q̓oˑʔó ~ *q̓oʔóˑ
|
poison oak |
*hmaˑṭi̇́yu ~ *maˑṭi̇́yuho ?
|
potato, Indian |
*hiʔbúnʸ
|
pregnant |
*wiˑní
|
quail |
*xaqáˑqa
|
quail topknot |
*qʰéya ~ *ʔehqʰéya
|
raccoon |
*qʰaʔdús ~ *qʰahlús ?
|
rain |
*kehkʰé(ˑ) ~ *ihkʰé
|
raw/alive |
*qa(h)xó-
|
reciprocal |
*~(h)ma(ˑ)k̓ ~ *-ma(ˑ)k̓-
|
reciprocal relationship |
*-a(ˑ)q
|
rectum |
*haṭ̓á, *(ṭ̓i ?)
|
reed, sp. |
*c̓iwíx
|
reflexive |
*-i(ˑ)k̓i
|
rib |
*misˑá(ˑ)kʔ
|
ridge/mountain |
*wixálʸ
|
rock |
*qʰaʔbé
|
salt (1) |
*ṭaʔq̓o
|
salt (2) |
*kʰeʔéˑ
|
sand/gravel |
*miˑṭákʔ
|
saw apart, to |
*xuqʰáˑ-
|
seaweed, edible |
*ʔoˑṭóno
|
second person singular subject |
*ʔaˑmá
|
second person singular object |
*míˑ-to ~ *mí-to ~ *mi-tó
|
second person singular possessive prefix |
*mi-
|
second person plural subject |
*ʔaˑmá-ya
|
second person plural object |
*ʔaˑmá-ya-l
|
see |
*kád-, *káˑd-
|
seed |
* ?isóˑ, *ʔisóy
|
semelfactive |
*-ki-
|
sentence connective (1) |
*-pʰila
|
sentence connective (2) |
*-pʰi
|
sentence connective (3) |
*-in
|
separate from someone, to |
*q̓á(ˑ), *q̓a-(m-)(h)mak̓
|
shoulder |
*c̓uwáˑ
|
sibling, younger |
*ṭ̓áqi
|
sinew |
*hiˑmá
|
sister, father's |
*múc̓i ~ *múˑc̓i ~ *wéˑqi
|
sister, mother's older |
*ṭʰúˑc̓
|
sister, mother's younger |
*xéˑqi
|
sister, older |
*déˑqi
|
sister's husband |
*kóˑdʔ, *qóˑdʔ ?
|
sit, to |
*ká-
|
sit down, to |
*kahkí-
|
six |
*lanká, *káci
|
skin |
*ćʔdá
|
skunk |
*nupʰéṭ
|
sky |
*qalí, *qalínʸ
|
sleep, to |
*siˑmán
|
slow |
*pʰaláˑ
|
slug |
*paʔláˑ
|
smoke |
*ʔohx̣ósa(xà), *saxá
|
snot |
*hiˑlásu
|
snow |
*ʔihyúlʸ
|
soaproot |
*haʔˑá(ˑ)bʔ
|
son-in-law |
*hkéye
|
sour |
*móc̓ ~ *móˑc̓
|
south |
*ʔiyó
|
speculative |
*-xe-
|
spider |
*ʔikʰáˑ, *mikʰá, *ikʰá
|
spit |
*ʔihqʰetʔ
|
spleen |
*maṭ́éˑ
|
spring (of water) |
*(qʰa) qahpʰá
|
squirrel |
*kuˑmáṭʔ, *qumáṭ
|
stink, to |
*mihxé
|
stop doing, to |
*-hyéˑ-
|
stories, myths, to tell |
*maṭúˑ
|
string |
*suˑlímaṭʔ
|
suckerfish |
*xamólʸ
|
sun |
*haʔdá
|
sweat |
*mikʰˑéq
|
tail |
*hibá
|
talk, to |
*kȧhnów
|
tears |
*huʔuy-qʰà(ˑ)
|
testicles |
*yȧqolʸ
|
thing |
*á(ˑ)maˑ
|
third person masculine singular subject |
*hamíyabʔ
|
third person masculine singular object |
*hamíˑb-al
|
third person feminine singular subject |
*hamíyadʔ
|
third person feminine singular object |
*hamíˑd-al
|
third person singular possessive prefix |
*hamíyaˑ-
|
throat |
*mihyánʸ
|
tick |
*aṭ̓aʔláˑ
|
tongue |
*haʔbálʸ ~ *hawba(ˑ) ~ *hibʔa
|
tooth |
*hȧʔˑo
|
tree |
*qʰaˑlé
|
tule, round |
*bakóˑ
|
tule sprout |
*ṭʰiʔbéˑ
|
two |
*ʔaqʰóc
|
umbilicus |
*ʔohqó
|
uphill |
*dȧnóˑ
|
valley, clearing |
*qahqó
|
walk, to |
*hwáˑd-, *wáˑd-
|
water |
*ʔahqʰá
|
west (1) |
*mihila, *mix̣ila
|
west (2) |
*bóˑ
|
what |
*(baˑ)q́o(ˑ)
|
whistle |
*li(?)búˑ
|
white |
*qahlé
|
wildcat |
*dȧˑlóm(ʔ)
|
wind |
*ʔihyá
|
winter |
*qʰu(ʔ)c̓áˑ-
|
wolf |
*cihméwa ~ *ciméwa
|
woman |
*ʔimáˑta
|
wood |
*ʔahx̣áy
|
wood duck |
*waṭá-
|
wood rat |
*mihyóqʔ
|
worm (1) |
*biˑlá
|
worm (2) |
*ʔikʰólʸ
|