| Gloss |
Proto-Siouan
|
| 1st inclusive actor prefix |
*wąk- ~ *wą·k-
|
| 1st inclusive actor prefix |
*ų-
|
| 1st singular actor prefix (underlying) |
*wa-
|
| 1st singular actor, syncope product (allomorph) |
*w-
|
| 1st singular disjunctive |
*wí·-*ʔe· ~ *wį́·-*ʔe·
|
| 1st singular patient (1) |
*wą
|
| 1st singular patient (2) (clitic) |
*wį·
|
| 1st singular possessor |
*wą (?)
|
| 1st singular possessor, inalienable |
*wi· ~ *wį·
|
| 2nd singular actor prefix |
*ya·-, *ya-, < *aya- (?)
|
| 2nd singular actor, syncope product (allomorph) |
*š-
|
| 2nd singular disjunctive pronoun |
*yi·-ʔe· ~ *yį́·-ʔe·
|
| 2nd singular patient clitic |
*yi· ~ *yį·
|
| 2nd singular possessor |
*yi·- ~ *yį·-
|
| above |
*á(·)ka
|
| absolutive |
*wa-
|
| ache |
*Ré-ʔE
|
| acorn |
*ú·te
|
| across > over, beyond, above |
*ake
|
| adverbializer |
*-ha·
|
| again (2) |
*ši
|
| ahead (1) |
*(i-)htą́·(-rį)
|
| ahead (2) |
*-hto
|
| alive |
*i-rį́·
|
| all, intact |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| ancestor, chief, elder, relative |
*hų́·ka
|
| anus, buttocks, vagina, passage |
*(i-)ų́·še
|
| apportative, + or - vertitive |
*rhi-o- + verb of motion(?)
|
| arise (2) > get up |
*ki-rahÉ
|
| arise (3) |
*kitá(-re) {or} *kiktá(-re)
|
| arm |
*á·(-re)
|
| armpit |
*Roksí
|
| arrive here |
*re-hí·
|
| arrive here vertitive |
*ki-rhí·
|
| arrive there |
*hí·
|
| arrive there vertitive |
*ki-hí
|
| artichoke, edible root |
*hpą́·xi
|
| ask |
*wų́xE
|
| augmentative (1) |
*-xti
|
| augmentative (2) |
*xtE
|
| aunt, father’s sister |
*i-htų́·wį
|
| autumn |
*wahtą́·(-re)
|
| axe |
*-sepe
|
| back |
*i-rą́·he
|
| bad (1) |
*(i-)ší·(-ke)
|
| bad (2) |
*xí·(-ke)
|
| badger |
*xó·ka
|
| bag, sack, container |
*hpą́·he
|
| ball |
*htá·pe
|
| bare |
*šra
|
| base, root, stump |
*hú·tE
|
| bathe |
*hi·-rá
|
| be |
*rį
|
| bear > black bear (2) |
*wi-hų́te, *wa-hų́te
|
| bear > grizzly |
*wąthó
|
| beaver |
*wi-yá·pe
|
| bed |
*o-wų́ke, *o-ʔų́ke
|
| beg |
*Ráhe
|
| behind, in back |
*RásE
|
| belly |
*i-hté·si
|
| belt, sash |
*i-hpi(·)-ra
|
| bend (3) |
*š(V)kópE
|
| bend (4) |
*-SókE
|
| bend (6) |
*kšé·kE
|
| bend (7) |
*SiSi-
|
| bend (8) |
*-šohe
|
| bend (9) |
*kšą
|
| bend > fold, curl |
*ke-ší-šE
|
| bend > limp, be lame |
*škó·
|
| berry, grape |
*há·sE ~ *há·s-hu
|
| beyond > other, across (1) |
*ko·
|
| big (1) |
*ihtą́·(-re)
|
| bile (2) |
*wa·sí·(-re)
|
| bird (1) |
*awą́·-xe
|
| bird (5) |
*sí·ka
|
| bird > game bird, turkey |
*awą́·-re
|
| bison |
*wi-hté·
|
| bitter |
*hpá·(-re)
|
| black (1) |
*isá·pE
|
| black > dark (1) |
*isé·pE
|
| black > dark (2) |
*išé·pE
|
| blade, edged tool |
*wą́·hį
|
| blanket (1), shawl, robe |
*wa-ʔį́-he
|
| blanket (2) |
*ąši
|
| blizzard |
*húhi
|
| blood |
*(wa-)ʔí·(-re)
|
| blow (1) |
*pex
|
| blow (2) |
*puxą́he
|
| blow (3) |
*Sį́·kE
|
| blue, green |
*(i-)htó·he
|
| boat |
*Wá·te (?)
|
| body |
*i-xú·ha
|
| boil, cook |
*(o-)hą́
|
| bone |
*wa-hú·(-re)
|
| botch, fail, miss |
*ką-
|
| brain (1) |
*rąt-
|
| brain (2) |
*(rą·-)sú
|
| brave (2) |
*sihe
|
| break (1) |
*xóke
|
| break (2) |
*še
|
| break brittle things > smash, crush |
*-xúxE
|
| break cord |
*-psákE
|
| break cord > break apart |
*-páxe
|
| break cord > break long things |
*-ksakE
|
| break long things |
*-šíšE
|
| break off (1) |
*-ksá
|
| break off (2) |
*-ksE
|
| break off pieces (2) |
špé
|
| break off pieces (3) |
*-špí
|
| break to small pieces |
*-ptúxE
|
| breast (female) |
*á·si
|
| breathe |
*rį́·-ha(-he)
|
| brother (1) mBrel |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| brother (2) mBrel |
*i-ʔVka (?)
|
| brother (3) wBrel |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| brother (5) BrYo |
*(i-)sų́·(-ka)
|
| brother-in-law (1) mWiBr, mSiHu |
*i-htá·hą
|
| brother-in-law (2) wHuBr, wSiHu |
*(i-)ší·kʔe
|
| bulrush, cane (plant) |
*wasá
|
| bungle |
*šrą́-he
|
| burn (1) |
*aRé·
|
| burn (2), prairie fire |
*rą́
|
| burn (3) |
*xú·-re
|
| burn (4) |
*wirá·
|
| bury |
*xé
|
| butcher |
*hpátE
|
| buttocks (1) |
*rį́te
|
| buttocks (2) |
*i-šį́tE
|
| buy |
*wį́he
|
| buzzard (1) |
*hé·-
|
| buzzard (2) |
*hé·-ka
|
| buzzard (3) |
*hé·-x(-ka)
|
| cache |
*ó-xe
|
| calf of leg |
*yá·se
|
| call, shout |
*pą́he
|
| call someone by name, to name |
*ra·tE
|
| call to, invite |
*ki-(ki-)ó·he
|
| carry > pack on back |
*kʔį́(-re)
|
| chase |
*rųxé
|
| chert, flint |
*wą́·he
|
| chest, breast |
*awą́·ke {or} *i-wą́·ke
|
| chew |
*ra-thé (?)
|
| child > youth |
*ší-ka
|
| chin |
*í·h-hku
|
| choke |
*-tkÉ
|
| clavicle |
*wás- (?)
|
| clear |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| climb |
*aRí·
|
| cloud |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| coals (1) |
*xrį́
|
| cold |
*sarį́-he
|
| collective suffix |
*-sa
|
| comb |
*-xwé
|
| comb > ravel out |
*swé (?)
|
| come |
*hú·(-re)
|
| come vertitive |
*kihú·
|
| contrastive |
*ha
|
| cook |
*-htáke
|
| cord, sinew, vein (1) |
*i-hką́
|
| cord, string (2) |
*ąka
|
| cottonwood, poplar |
*wawá·xE
|
| cough |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| count |
*ra-wé
|
| cover (1) |
*Sųhe
|
| cover (2) |
*-he
|
| cranberry |
*(wa-)hó·h-rąh-ka
|
| crane |
*ahpé·-(rhą)
|
| cross |
*pte
|
| crow > blackbird |
*wą
|
| crow > raven |
*hká·xi
|
| crush (1) |
*pú·SE (?)
|
| crush (2) |
*Sú·SE
|
| cry |
*xa·kE
|
| cut (1) |
*-ká (?)
|
| cut (2) |
*-kipE
|
| cut (3) |
*-ką́
|
| cut strips > chop, tear |
*-sá·(-re)
|
| dance |
*ri·h-ší
|
| darkness (1) |
*hą́·
|
| darkness (2) |
*kpa·
|
| darkness (3) |
*si(-he)
|
| daughter |
*i-yų́·ke
|
| day |
*hą́·pe
|
| deer, ruminant |
*wi-htá·
|
| defecate, dung (1) |
*-yé ~ *-ré
|
| defecate, dung (2) |
*(wa-)į́-ki-ye ~ -re
|
| demonstrative (1) |
*ha
|
| demonstrative (2) |
*ʔa
|
| demonstrative, locative (1) |
*-ši
|
| demonstrative > that, the aforesaid |
*ʔe·
|
| demonstrative > that, this |
*he ~ *he·
|
| dew |
*(wa-)yú
|
| die |
*tʔé·(-re)
|
| different |
*i-r-hą́-he
|
| dig > scratch |
*kʔé(-re)
|
| directional locative |
*í·-
|
| dog |
*wašų́ke, *wi-šų́·ke
|
| do, make |
*ʔų́·
|
| do, make, work; to cause |
*hi_E
|
| door (2) |
*wiyé(-pe) ~ *wiyé(-he)
|
| dove, pigeon |
*wayú·tka ~ *warú·tka
|
| dream |
*hąwre, *ihą́wre
|
| dress, skirt, etc. |
*rhé
|
| drink |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| drink, inhale smoke |
*hį·
|
| drip (2) |
*xʔéhe
|
| drip (3) |
*šʔehe
|
| dry (1) |
*ú·sE
|
| dry (3) |
*šéka
|
| duck, waterfowl |
*wį́·xa
|
| dwell, dwelling, house |
*ahtí·
|
| eagle (1) |
*xurá·
|
| ear (1) |
*rą́·tpa
|
| ear (2), external opening |
*rąxu·-
|
| earth, ground, land |
*awą́·-
|
| eat |
*rú·tE
|
| egg |
*itká
|
| elbow (1) |
*išpá
|
| elbow (2), forearm |
*istó
|
| elk |
*ų́·phą
|
| elm |
*pʔé < *wa-ʔé·
|
| emphatic, contrastive, but |
*-šV
|
| emphatic topic |
*ya
|
| end, finish > last (1) |
*há·ka
|
| end, point, tip (1) |
*-tpE
|
| enter (1) |
*-kpE
|
| enter (3) |
*o-phÉ
|
| erect |
*sį́he
|
| even (1) |
*tkú·sE
|
| even (2) |
*tkúxE
|
| exist > born |
*htų
|
| eye |
*ištá
|
| face |
*í·te
|
| fall (2) |
*-šípe
|
| fall > lie down |
*xapÉ
|
| fart |
*píhe, *pį́he
|
| father (1) (referential) |
*-á·ti
|
| father (2) (vocative) |
*tá·ti
|
| fat, stout |
*yépE
|
| fat, tallow |
*šį·(-re)
|
| feather |
*(wą·)šų́
|
| female, woman |
*wi-he {or} *wįhe
|
| fight |
*-hki·-
|
| find by seeking |
*ire
|
| fire |
*(wa-)hpé·te
|
| firm (1) |
*tį́he
|
| fish |
*wi-hó·
|
| five (1) |
*kiSų́·
|
| five (2) |
*isá·ptą
|
| flesh |
*i-yó·
|
| float (1) |
*ha
|
| float (2) |
*pixi
|
| flower (1) |
*xyéhe
|
| flower (2) |
*xyá
|
| foam, boil |
*púxE, *pí·xE
|
| focus marker |
*ri
|
| fog (1) |
*awąší·
|
| fog (2) > smoke |
*pʔohe
|
| fold > wrap |
*pe-rhą́
|
| food |
*ʔé
|
| foot |
*i-sí
|
| foot, instrumental |
*rą·-
|
| force, instrumental |
*raka-
|
| ford, wade |
*yo_phe
|
| forehead (1) |
*i-hté
|
| four |
*tó·pa
|
| fox |
*ahtóx-ka
|
| frog (2) |
*(w)ahpeSka
|
| frog (3) |
*wašą́·ka, *wi-šą́·ka
|
| frost (1) |
*waxo·
|
| frost (2) |
*waxé·(re)
|
| frozen |
*atá·he
|
| full |
*-hpi
|
| future (1) |
*ktE
|
| gamble |
*hkiʔų
|
| gather (1), pick up |
*pahí-he
|
| gather (3) |
*ru·wE
|
| general deictic (1) |
*i-
|
| general deictic (2) |
*o·
|
| ghost |
*wa-rą́·xi
|
| give |
*kʔu(-re)
|
| give away |
*ka-hi_E
|
| glance off |
*-khį́tE
|
| go |
*re·(he)
|
| good (1) |
*ihpí·
|
| good (2) |
*Sté
|
| good (3) |
*tą́
|
| good (4), heal |
*ki-sí
|
| goose |
*wį́·-
|
| gourd > rattle |
*Vhpé·xe
|
| gourd > squash |
*ahkó·(re)
|
| go vertitive |
*ki-ré·(he)
|
| grandfather (1) |
*i-htúką
|
| grandmother |
*i-hkų́·
|
| grasp |
*-šihe
|
| grasp > hold, take |
*rú·sE
|
| grass (1) |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| grass (3) |
*xą́·he
|
| grass (4) |
*xá·tE
|
| grave |
*awą́·xE
|
| gray (1) |
*xó·tE < **axó·tE
|
| gray (2) |
*šó·tE < **ašó·tE
|
| grease (1) |
*sará·
|
| grease (2) |
*i·kri
|
| grind |
*-htó·pe
|
| grind, pound |
*pVhé·
|
| groove |
*-skí·tE
|
| grouse |
*-hpú·ska
|
| growl, bellow |
*tá·xe
|
| growl > grunt (1) |
*xrą́
|
| growl > grunt (2) |
*xrį́
|
| growl > snore, snort |
*xró-
|
| guts, intestines |
*(i-)ší·pe
|
| hail |
*-Wá·su
|
| hail > freeze |
*aRá·-hkara {or} *aRá·-hkarą
|
| hair, fur, feathers |
*i-hį́· ~ *i-hį́
|
| hair of head |
*rą·tų́
|
| hand (1) |
*rąpé > *i-rąpe
|
| hand (2) |
*ų́·ke (?)
|
| hand > claws, nails |
*i-šá·ke
|
| hand, instrumental |
*ru-
|
| handle, stem |
*(i-)hú·pa
|
| hang down (1) |
*sese
|
| hang down (2) |
*xehe
|
| hard (1) |
*sá·ki
|
| hard (2) |
*suki
|
| hard > cane, walking stick |
(*i-) *sakE (*hi_E)
|
| hard > strong, ripe |
*suta (?)
|
| have |
*a-_rį́
|
| hawk (1), falcon |
*kye-tą́he ~ *kye-tų́he
|
| hawk (2), Buteo |
*kyąSká
|
| hawthorn, black |
*wa-wóha {or} *wa-wúha
|
| hazy, bluish, cloudy |
*(a)só·tE
|
| head, back of, hair |
*rą-išú·
|
| head, nose (1), front end |
*ahpá
|
| hear |
*rąx-ʔų́
|
| heart |
*i-yą́·te ~ *i-rą́·te
|
| heat |
*aRá·-są
|
| heat/cold, instrumental |
aRá·-
|
| heavy |
*tké {or} *tiké
|
| here, now |
*ko·
|
| heron, crane |
*ó·xka
|
| hickory nut |
*hpą́· {or} *hpį́· (?)
|
| hide, skin, cloth |
*roxpe
|
| hill |
*-hé·
|
| hiss (2) |
*siríhe
|
| hiss (3) |
*širíhe
|
| hit, pound |
*aphá
|
| hole, dig |
*ho·pi
|
| hole, hollow |
*xʔote
|
| hollow, empty (1) |
*xaró(·)S- (?)
|
| hollow sound > stamp, stomp |
*rą-hkó·kE
|
| horn |
*ahé
|
| horn, spoon, shell |
*ą·šé
|
| hot, warm |
*ahká·tE ~ *aRá·-hkatE
|
| hot weather |
*wąšte
|
| how |
*ta·ska
|
| howl |
*wohé
|
| hunt, seek |
*-_Ré·
|
| husband |
*kirą·
|
| husk, pull off (1), flay |
*-xáhe
|
| I (agt.) on You (pat.) contraction |
*wa + *yi
|
| ice |
*(wa)rų·xe
|
| indefinite/interrogative (1) |
*ha
|
| indefinite/interrogative (2) |
*-pa
|
| in, locative |
*o-
|
| interrogative (1) |
*to·
|
| interrogative (3) |
*-wa
|
| interrogative (4) |
*we·
|
| interrogative, indefinite > something, what |
*ta·
|
| island |
*wíte
|
| itch (1) |
*xa-
|
| jaw |
*ré·pa
|
| juice, liquid |
*hų́pV
|
| jump |
*psí-kE
|
| juniper, red cedar |
*xąte
|
| kernel, seed |
*sú·
|
| kettle |
*yeSE
|
| kill (1) |
*kité
|
| kill (2) |
*tʔé·-hi_E
|
| knee, lap, thigh |
*ši-(r)-ą́te ~ *ši-(r)-ų́te
|
| knife |
*sąhi (?)
|
| knock (1) |
*táxE
|
| knock (2) |
*htášE
|
| knock over, lean |
*(a)khą
|
| know (1) |
*ų-spé·
|
| know (2), recognize |
*i-hų
|
| lake, water |
*waRé· ~ *ye·
|
| laugh |
*-xahe ~ *-xehe
|
| lay |
*ʔų́pE
|
| leaf (1) |
*á·pe
|
| left (side or hand) |
*(i-)rátka
|
| leggings |
*hų́·si
|
| leg, thigh |
*yeka
|
| let’s see, well, um |
*hį-
|
| lick |
*srípE
|
| lid, cover |
*i-ha
|
| lie, be lying, positional |
*wų́·kE
|
| lightning, forked (?) |
*-karí-
|
| lightning, sheet (?) |
*ąpV
|
| lip |
*išti
|
| lip (upper), snout |
*ahpú·ti
|
| little, young, child |
*yį́kE
|
| liver |
*ahpí·
|
| locative (4) |
*ro
|
| locative (5) |
*rą
|
| locative (6) |
*-ta
|
| locative (7) |
*-ti
|
| long (1) |
*srétE
|
| long (2) |
*hą́skE
|
| long ago, far away |
*hte·-hą
|
| long, extended in time or space > distant, then |
*hą
|
| look at (1) |
*-xát-
|
| loose, knock loose |
*-hó·
|
| lost |
*xapÉ
|
| louse |
*(w-)hé· < **(wa-)hé·
|
| lungs |
*yá·xu
|
| make hole |
*ko·pE
|
| make marks > mark, scratch |
*ká·xE
|
| male |
*waro·(-ka), *wi-ró·(-ka)
|
| man, person (1) |
*wą́·ke
|
| many, much |
*ahu· ~ *ahų·
|
| marked > spotted, striped (1) |
*kré·sE
|
| marked > spotted, striped (2) |
*kré·xE
|
| marked > spotted, striped (3) |
*kré·šE
|
| mark, scratch > score, mark |
*xohe
|
| marrow |
*yu·pe ~ *yu·pa
|
| mean, intend |
*kahÉ
|
| medicine |
*wą·hką
|
| meet |
*ki-hi·(-hpa)
|
| melt (1) |
*sire (?)
|
| melt (2) |
*ską
|
| metal, copper, iron |
*awą́·se
|
| middle |
*rą́ta
|
| middle; inside |
*yó·ka ~ *ró·ka
|
| mire (1) |
*SatakE
|
| mire (2) |
*satá·
|
| mix (2) |
*-hihe
|
| moccasin (1) |
*hų·pE
|
| moist (1), soft, wet |
*Ró·(-he)(-ka)
|
| moist (2) |
*takį́ (?)
|
| moist, thaw, soft |
*xpą́he
|
| moon, sun, orb |
*wí·rą
|
| mortar |
*ho·
|
| mosquito |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| mother (1) (referential) |
*i-hų́·
|
| mother (2) (vocative) |
*i-rą́
|
| mouth |
*ʔí·he
|
| mouth, instrumental |
*ra-
|
| muskrat, prairie dog (1) |
*sįtpe
|
| name |
*yá·še
|
| narrow, small |
*kisú·ke
|
| navel |
*i-ré·tpa
|
| near |
*á·ška
|
| neck (1), nape |
*i-htá·-hu
|
| neck (2), side of neck (?) |
*i-htá·-še
|
| neck (3) |
*ą́·pe
|
| necklace |
*wa(-r-)ą́·pe-ʔį
|
| negative (1), dubitative |
*ku
|
| negative (2) |
*aši
|
| negative (3) |
*rį
|
| nephew (1), male’s sister’s son |
*i-htų́·-
|
| nephew (2), female’s brother’s son |
*i-htó·S- (?)
|
| new (1) |
*rą́·-ka
|
| niece (1), male’s sister’s daughter |
*i-htų́·-
|
| niece (2), female’s brother’s daughter |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| nine |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| none, be/have, lack |
*-į́kE
|
| nose (2), end, point, tip (2) |
*hpa-sú·
|
| nudge |
*rihe
|
| oak (2) |
*ú·te-hu·
|
| oak (3) |
*
|
| old |
*xʔó·he
|
| old man |
*įšʔá·ke
|
| old, mature |
*rų́·
|
| old, mysterious(?) |
*xʔihe
|
| one (1) |
*rų·-sa
|
| onion |
*šį́·
|
| on, locative |
*á·-
|
| open |
*ru-šé-
|
| open > break open |
*-paSE
|
| open up |
*-xotE
|
| order > control |
*ší
|
| outside |
*htą·-
|
| owl (1), moth |
*(wa-)ąhpó·ka
|
| paddle, swim |
*i-wą́he
|
| past (suffix or post clitic) |
*-rą < *ʔų (?)
|
| peek |
*-sʔį́·
|
| peel (1) |
*-sku(he)
|
| peel (2) |
*-šku
|
| peel (3) |
*-sápE
|
| peel (4) > skin |
*-šá-pE
|
| peel (5) > skin |
*-xapE
|
| peel (6) |
*raka-xipE
|
| penis |
*i-yé
|
| pinch (1) |
*-skápE
|
| pinch (2) |
*-wįS
|
| pine tree |
*Wa·si
|
| play (1) |
*warį́xE
|
| plum |
*aką́te
|
| point at |
*sohe
|
| porcupine |
*ahpá·hį
|
| portative, comitative, have |
*ʔa-
|
| possessive root |
*hta(-we)
|
| potato, ground nut |
*waRó·, *wiRó·
|
| pound |
*-ški
|
| press |
*-šípE
|
| price, wages |
*wa-iši
|
| pull, push (2) |
*ru-tí
|
| push (2) |
*htą́·
|
| push instrumental |
*pa-
|
| push (pull) |
*-tą́·
|
| put |
*k-rą́(-kE)
|
| put in, fill, plant |
*ó·-šu
|
| quantifier (1) |
*-rą
|
| quantifier (2) |
*wi
|
| rabbit |
*wąšetįka (?)
|
| raccoon |
*wi-he(-ka)
|
| rain (2) |
*xo·he
|
| rattle (1a) |
*sawúhe
|
| rattle (1b) |
*šawúhe
|
| rattle (1c) |
*xawúhe
|
| rattle (2a) |
*surą́he
|
| rattle (2b) |
*širą́he
|
| rattle (2c) |
*xirehe
|
| rattle, rumble |
*kʔó·he
|
| raw |
*sá·he(-ka)
|
| red (1a) |
*se
|
| red (1b), red hawthorn |
*šE
|
| red (2) |
*ašú·te
|
| rib |
*i-rú·te ~ *i-rú·ta
|
| rib; back, lower |
*ru·hi
|
| rice, wild, Zizania aquatica |
*wa-sį́
|
| right (side) |
*rati(-ke) {or} *Rati(-ke)
|
| rim, bottom of kettle |
*(i-)ré·te
|
| rip (1) |
*parásE (?)
|
| rip (3) |
*-paráxE
|
| ripe, cooked |
*aRú·tE
|
| river |
*awá·tahi (?)
|
| road (1), path |
*yą́·ku
|
| roast (1) |
*yó·-kʔį
|
| rock (1) |
*(wa-)ʔį́·(-re)
|
| rock (3) |
*rį́·sV
|
| rock (4), pebble |
*į́-xʔe
|
| roll |
*-rąhe
|
| rough (1) |
*xá·
|
| rough (3) |
*xá·ka
|
| rough (4) |
*xá·pE
|
| round (2) |
*wró·
|
| round (3) |
*poska
|
| run (2) |
*wa-htą́he
|
| run (3), get out |
*hątá
|
| sacred (1a) |
*xópE
|
| sacred (1b) |
*xopE-rį
|
| sacred (2a), snake |
*wa·hką́
|
| sand (1) |
*hpú·sahe
|
| sand (2) |
*hpu·xáh-kE
|
| say |
*e-_he·(-re)
|
| scar (2) |
*širá· (?)
|
| scatter (2) |
*sirihe
|
| scrape (1) |
*-sképE
|
| scrape (2) |
*-tké
|
| scrape (3) |
*-kʔóxE
|
| scrape (4) |
*tká
|
| scrape clean > scrape up, scrape off, clear off |
*-xąhe
|
| scrape clean > wipe clean, clear off |
*-Suhe
|
| scrape > dig, scratch |
*kʔá(-re)
|
| scrape > peel |
*-xikE (?)
|
| scrape > scratch, grate, rake |
*kʔéxE
|
| scrape > scratching noise, scraping noise, sweep |
*kʔá·xE
|
| scrape > smooth, shave (1) |
*kʔésE
|
| scrape > smooth, shave (2) |
*-kʔósE
|
| scratch |
*-xrátE
|
| scratch > dig, dig out |
*-škE
|
| see (1) |
*arą́wE(-he) (?)
|
| see (2) |
*atá·(-re)
|
| separate (1) |
*sąhe
|
| separate (2) |
*-wesE
|
| separate (3) |
*xa·-
|
| separate (4) |
*-xąhe
|
| separate > forked |
*šąh + ka < *šą́he
|
| set upright |
*-hsa
|
| seven (1) |
*ša·kú·pa
|
| sew |
*-hta·
|
| shadow, soul |
*rą́·xi
|
| shake (3) |
*-tahe
|
| shake (4) |
*yąyą́·he, *rąrą́·he
|
| shake > move (1) |
*xaką́·he
|
| shallow |
*xé·pE
|
| sharp (1) |
*pusa
|
| sharp (2) |
*hpá·hi
|
| shin |
*i-rą́-kpe
|
| shine (1) |
*ré·xE
|
| shine (2) |
*xą·
|
| shine (4) |
*šą·
|
| shoot |
*rį́ʔ
|
| shoulder |
*(a)-į-xkéte
|
| shout |
*srekE
|
| show |
*owį́he
|
| side (1) |
*są́·he
|
| similar |
*se
|
| similitive |
*ska
|
| sinew |
*-sų́he
|
| sink > drown |
*sipE
|
| sister (1) mSiEl |
*wį́he
|
| sister (2) mSiEl |
i-htą́·ke
|
| sister (3) mSiYo |
*i-htą́-
|
| sister (4) wSiEl |
*i-yų́·(-ʔi)
|
| sister (5) wSiYo |
*i-htą́·ke-aka
|
| sister (6) |
*(i-)rų́(-rį)
|
| sister-in-law (1) mWiSi, mBrWi |
*i-hą́ka
|
| sister-in-law (2) wHuSi, wBrWi |
*i-šíkhą
|
| sitting, be; sitting positional |
*rą́·-kE < **wų́·-ke
|
| six |
*aká·we
|
| skim (1) |
*-se(-re)
|
| skim (3) |
*-xe·(re)
|
| skinny, thin |
*xaráhe
|
| skunk |
*awąka
|
| sky |
*wą́·xi
|
| sleep |
*hiyą́·(-re)
|
| slide (2) |
*-xro
|
| slide (3) |
*šrókE
|
| slide (4) |
*siróhe
|
| slip (3) |
*-srútE
|
| slip (5) |
*-šrútE
|
| slip (6) |
*-šutE
|
| smoke tobacco, pipe |
*ų·pa
|
| smooth (2) |
*xó·he
|
| snow (1) |
*(wa-)wá·
|
| snow (3) |
*(wa-)wá·-hu(-re)
|
| soft (1) |
*tapą́·-he
|
| soft (3) |
*šró
|
| son |
*i-yį́ke
|
| song |
*wųhé
|
| son-in-law (1) |
*i-htų́te
|
| son-in-law (1) |
*i-hta-ų́te (?)
|
| son-in-law (2) |
*-Róhą
|
| son, third or younger |
*i-há·ka
|
| so, thus |
*kų
|
| south |
*ákʔa
|
| speak, talk |
*i-(r)ʔe
|
| spider |
*-kox-
|
| spill |
*waxų́-he
|
| spine (1) |
*rą́xa-hu
|
| spine (2) |
*rą-hú·(-re)
|
| spit (1) |
*šó·
|
| spit (2), foam |
*htá·Se
|
| split (1) |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| split (4) |
*-sa·tE
|
| split (7) |
*-šakE
|
| split (8) |
*šátE
|
| split (9) |
*ša
|
| spotted (1) |
*(a-)pų́·sE
|
| spotted (2) |
*pų́·xE
|
| spotted > striped |
*pų́·šE
|
| spouse |
*i-rarą {or} *i-rarį
|
| spread (3) |
*pa·rí(-he), *pa·rį́(-he)
|
| spread > flat (1) |
*parás-ka
|
| spread > flat (2) |
*pará·sE
|
| spread > flat (3) |
*pará·xE
|
| spread > flat (5) |
*pará·šE
|
| spread out |
*-xá·
|
| spring (season) |
*(wa-)wé·he ~ *(wa-)wé·h-ʔų
|
| squeeze (1) |
*-šką́·tE
|
| squeeze (2) |
*-sképE
|
| squeeze (3) |
*-šképE
|
| squeeze (4) |
*-skíkE ~ *-skį́kE
|
| squeeze (5) |
*-xkíkE ~ *-xkį́kE
|
| squeeze (6) |
*-škíkE ~ *-škį́kE
|
| squeeze (7) |
*ru-ški
|
| squeeze (8) |
*srí
|
| squirrel > flying squirrel |
*šíka
|
| stab (1) |
*yá·phe
|
| stab (2) |
*póxE
|
| standing, continue, standing positional |
*hą́(-kE)
|
| standing, inanim. classifier |
*rahÉ
|
| star (1) |
*įtka
|
| star (3) |
*Ske (?)
|
| steal (1) |
*wa-_rų́·
|
| stick (1) |
*skapE
|
| stick (4) |
*a-rakE
|
| stink (2) |
*(i)xu-
|
| stink (3) |
*yą́ɣe
|
| stomach, paunch |
*a-į́·xe
|
| stop (1) |
*stąhe
|
| stretch (1) |
*-ra·
|
| stretch (3) |
*šį́he
|
| strike (3) |
*-satá·
|
| strike (4) |
*-xtákE
|
| strike (5) |
*-šta·
|
| strike (6) |
*-htÉ
|
| stuff |
*xíhe
|
| suck (1) |
*-xoke
|
| suck (2) |
*ra-xópE
|
| summer |
*waRó·ke
|
| sun |
*(wa-)wi·rą
|
| surround, head off, intercept |
*(a-)ąSE
|
| swallow (bird) |
*awą́·-šo(-kE)
|
| sweet (1) |
*sikú·-e
|
| sweet (2) |
*šikú·-e
|
| swell (1) |
-pá·he
|
| swell (2) |
*phó
|
| swell (3) |
*poh
|
| swell (4) |
*pox-
|
| sycamore ? (birch, maple) |
*(wa)-yą́· są
|
| tail (1) |
*(i-)sį́·te
|
| tail (2) > bird tail |
*í·pi (?)
|
| tear |
*-kásE
|
| teen formative |
*ake
|
| tell |
*(o-)_rá·ke
|
| ten (1) |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| ten (2) |
*piraka (?)
|
| testicle (1) |
*ašų́·t-ka
|
| testicle (2) |
*i-šų́·te
|
| thank you |
*hahó
|
| that (1) |
*ka·
|
| that (2) > demonstrative, reference marker, relative |
*ko
|
| that (3) |
*še·
|
| the |
*-kį
|
| thick |
*šó·kE
|
| thigh |
*ų·te ~ *ą·te
|
| thin |
*waréhe
|
| think (1) |
*e_yehe
|
| think (2) |
*(ru-)ki-yą́
|
| think (3) |
*-ʔį
|
| this, here, now (1) |
*hi
|
| this, here, now (2) |
*Re·-
|
| this, here, now (3) |
*re
|
| this side (1) |
*ro·
|
| three |
*rá·wrį
|
| throat |
*i-Ró·te
|
| throw away |
*ʔų́·-re
|
| throw dart |
*hkú·te
|
| thunder (1) |
*-krų·
|
| thunder (2) |
*tú·ha
|
| tie (1) |
*-šké
|
| tie (3) |
*xtE
|
| time reference |
*sʔi
|
| tobacco |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| tongue |
*i-ré·ši
|
| tooth (1), edge, point |
*i-hí·
|
| tooth (2) |
*í·h-Sa (?)
|
| touch |
*-htą́·
|
| towards (1) |
*-kta·
|
| town (2) |
wį́·t- (?)
|
| trap |
*kų
|
| travel |
*-ši
|
| tree, bone, leg, stalk, stem, trunk |
*-hú·(-re)
|
| tree, wood |
*wiyą́·
|
| turn (1) > roll |
*parą́(-he) (?)
|
| turnip, Psoralea (1) |
*wa-ąhe
|
| turn over (1), roll (1) |
*ptą·(-he)
|
| turn over (4) |
*kxų́he
|
| turtle (1) |
*wa-hké, *wi-hké
|
| turtle (2) |
*wa-hkí·-(se)
|
| twin, pair |
*rųSka
|
| twist (1) |
*pe + *wrį
|
| twist (2) |
*ru-rį́·
|
| twist (3) |
*wirį́, *wí·rį
|
| twist > curly (1) |
*wrį́sE
|
| twist > curly (2) |
*wrį́xE
|
| twist > curly (3) |
*wrį́šE
|
| twist > wrap, fold |
*ape·
|
| two |
*rų́·pa
|
| uncle, mother’s brother |
*i-Ré·ki
|
| up, upwards, upper |
*wą·-
|
| urine (2), urinate (2) |
*-Ré·xE
|
| urine (2), urinate (2) |
*haréˑxe
|
| use, do with |
*i-ʔų́
|
| vagina, vulva |
*šą́·-re
|
| vermin (1) |
*-puS-
|
| vermin (2) |
*wa-krúS-ka
|
| vermin (3) |
*-kreSka
|
| vermin (4) |
*karą́škV
|
| vermin (5) |
*wakrí·
|
| vine |
*-tuhu
|
| visible |
*ahtá·ʔį(-he)
|
| voice (1) |
*hó·(-he)
|
| vomit |
karé·
|
| vomit |
*karé·(-pE)
|
| walk (1) |
*rį·(-re)
|
| walk (2) |
*wą́·
|
| want (1) |
*ʔi·he
|
| want (2) |
*kų́·he
|
| warm (1) |
*štákE
|
| war, warpath |
*(wa-)Ró·ta
|
| wash |
*rušá·(-re)
|
| water |
*yo
|
| water, liquid |
*wa-rį́·
|
| wear about the shoulders |
*ʔį·he
|
| wear around the neck |
*(-r-)ą́·pe-ʔį
|
| weave (1) |
*-sų́-tE
|
| weave (2) |
*sų ~ *šų
|
| what size |
*(r)ą
|
| whistle (1), chirp |
*so·
|
| whistle (2) |
*šo·
|
| whistle (3) |
*só·-pE
|
| white (1) |
*asą́·(-hą)
|
| white (2) |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| who |
*pe·
|
| wife |
*ųhe
|
| willow, Salix sp. |
*ayú·xi ~ *arú·xi (?)
|
| wind (1) |
[old reconstruction only]
|
| wind (2) |
*se ~ *xe
|
| wind (3) |
*xųwe
|
| wing (1) |
*xupa ~ *xųpa
|
| winter |
*wá·rą·
|
| wipe > rub, sweep |
*kįSE
|
| wise, smart, mature |
*ksá·-pE
|
| with, instrument |
*í-
|
| woodpecker |
*htó·ska
|
| worm |
*htáwą
|
| wound |
*(ó-)ʔo
|
| wrinkle (1), ruffle |
*xi
|
| wrinkle (2) |
*xʔį (?)
|
| wrinkle (3) |
*xí·pE
|
| yawn |
*ʔí·- -ra·
|
| yellow |
*sí·(-re)
|
| yellow > brown |
*xí·(-re)
|
| yellow > tawny |
*ší·(-re)
|
| yes (1), to be so |
*ahą́·
|
| yes (2) |
*é·
|
| yesterday (1) |
*sitó· (?)
|
