Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/-ina

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

Alternative forms

• *-izna

Etymology

From Proto-Balto-Slavic *-īˀnāˀ, from Proto-Indo-European *-iHneh₂. Cognate with Lithuanian -ynė, -iena (< *-eināˀ < *-eyneh₂). Compare Proto-Slavic *-inъ.

Suffix

*-ina f

1. Denominal, forming collectives related to vital importance.

   *drugъ (“friend”) → *družina (“team, company”)

   *rodъ (“kin, tribe”) → *rodina (“people or land belonging to the family”)

2. Denominal, forming collectives denoting names of trees, woods and bushes.

   *dervo (“wood”) → *dervina (“sticks, trees”)

   *dǫbъ (“oak”) → *dǫbina (“oak forest”)

3. (by extension) Denominal, forming collective nouns that act as singulatives.

   *berza (“birch”) → *berzovina (“birch forest; birch”)

   *zvěrь (“animal”) → *zvěrina (“animals, game; animal”)

4. Deadjectival, denoting a property or a result.

   *bělъ (“white”) → *bělina (“whiteness”)

   *blizъ (“close”) → *blizina (“closeness”), *bližina (“closeness”)

   *jьstъ (“true”) → *jьstina (“truth”)

   *novъ (“new”) → *novina (“novelty”)

   *bystrъ (“rapid, fast”) → *bystrina (“cleverness, quickness in thought”)

   *tixъ (“silent”) → *tišina (“silence”)

   *glǫbokъ (“deep”) → *glǫbina (“depth”)

   *čistъ (“clear, pure”) → *čistina (“purity”)

5. Denominal, miscellaneous uses.

   *dolъ (“valley, depression”) → *dolina (“valley”)

   *govędo (“ox”) → *govędina (“ox meat”)

   *agnę (“lamb”) → *agnętina (“lamb meat”)

   *bolto (“mud”) → *boltina, *boltovina (“swamp, marsh”)

6. Denominal, for expressive formations, usually of augmentative and pejorative connotation.

   *golva (“head”) → *golvina

   *lupa (“shell, husk”) → *lupina

   *konьcь (“end”) → *konьčina

   *godъ → *godina (“the right time”)

7. Denominal or deverbal, forming agentive and action nouns.

   *gostь, *gostiti → *gostina (“hospitality”)

   *brat(r)ъ, *brat(r)iti sę → *bratina, *bratrina (“fraternity”)

Declension

Declension of *-ina (hard a-stem)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*-ina	*-ině	*-iny
genitive	*-iny	*-inu	*-inъ
dative	*-ině	*-inama	*-inamъ
accusative	*-inǫ	*-ině	*-iny
instrumental	*-inojǫ, *-inǫ**	*-inama	*-inami
locative	*-ině	*-inu	*-inasъ, *-inaxъ*
vocative	*-ino	*-ině	*-iny

^* -asъ is the expected Balto-Slavic form but is found only in some Old Czech documents; -axъ is found everywhere else and is formed by analogy with other locative plurals in -xъ.
^** The second form occurs in languages that contract early across /j/ (e.g. Czech), while the first form occurs in languages that do not (e.g. Russian).

Derived terms

Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-ina

Category Proto-Slavic terms suffixed with *-izna not found

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: -ина (-ina)
    • Belarusian: -іна (-ina)
    • Russian: -ина (-ina)
    • Ukrainian: -ина (-yna), -їна (-jina)
• South Slavic:
  • Old Church Slavonic:

    Old Cyrillic script: -ина (-ina)

    Glagolitic script: -ⰹⱀⰰ (-ina)

  • Bulgarian: -ина (-ina)
  • Macedonian: -ина (-ina)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: -ина

    Latin script: -ina

  • Slovene: -ina
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: -ina
  • Old Polish: -ina
    • Polish: -ina
  • Slovak: -ina
  • Slovincian: -ina
  • Sorbian:
    • Upper Sorbian: -ina
    • Lower Sorbian: -ina

References

• Sławski, Franciszek, editor (1974), “*-ina”, in Słownik prasłowiański [Proto-Slavic Dictionary] (in Polish), volumes 1 (a – bьzděti), Wrocław: Ossolineum, page 120
• Šekli, Matej (2012) “Besedotvorni pomeni samostalniških izpeljank v praslovanščini”, in Philological Studies‎^[1] (in Slovene), volume 10, number 1, Skopje, Perm, Ljubljana, Zagreb, pages 115–32