Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/plugъ

This Proto-Slavic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Slavic

*plugъ (museum exhibit)

Etymology

Borrowed from a Proto-West Germanic *plōg (“plough, plow”). Parallel borrowing with Lithuanian plūgas.

Noun

*plùgъ m

1. plough

   Hyponyms: *ordlo (“ard plough”), *soxa (“stick plough”)

Usage notes

The term may have originally referred to frame-ploughs, invented around 1st cent. AD by the Romans. It was probably intended for plowing tougher soils, which could not be handled by simpler tools such as *ordlo and *soxa. According to Schuster-Šewc, the tool had spread from Raetia or Eastern Gallia into the Langobards and from them into the remaining Germanic and Central European people.

Declension

Declension of *plùgъ (hard o-stem, accent paradigm a)

	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*plùgъ	*plùga	*plùdzi
genitive	*plùga	*plùgu	*plùgъ
dative	*plùgu	*plùgoma	*plùgomъ
accusative	*plùgъ	*plùga	*plùgy
instrumental	*plùgъmь, *plùgomь*	*plùgoma	*plùgȳ
locative	*plùdzě	*plùgu	*plùdzě̄xъ
vocative	*plùže	*plùga	*plùdzi

^* -ъmь in North Slavic, -omь in South Slavic.

See also

• *pluga (“groove, trail”), *plugovina (“rugged soil”) (< perhaps *pluti (“to flow”) +‎ *-ga)
  • *plužiti (“to drag”)
    • ⇒ Czech: ploužit se (“to drag”)

Descendants

• East Slavic:
  • Old East Slavic: плугъ (plugŭ)
    • Belarusian: плуг (pluh)
    • Russian: плуг (plug)
    • Ukrainian: плуг (pluh)
• South Slavic:
  • Bulgarian: плуг (plug)
  • Macedonian: плуг (plug)
  • Serbo-Croatian:

    Cyrillic script: плуг

    Latin script: plug

  • Slovene: plȗg, plȕg (tonal orthography)
• West Slavic:
  • Czech: pluh
  • Kashubian: pług
  • Polabian: plaug
  • Polish: pług
  • Slovak: pluh
  • Lower Sorbian: pług

• Non-Slavic:
  • Albanian: plug
  • Aromanian: plug
  • Romanian: plug

References

Further reading

• Blažek, Václav, Dufková, Kristýna (2016) “Psl. *plugъ < z germ. *plōgu-/*plōga- < kelt.?”, in Linguistica Brunensia, volume 64, number 2, page 55
• Verweij, Arno (1994) “Quantity Patterns of Substantives in Czech and Slovak”, in Dutch Contributions to the Eleventh International Congress of Slavists, Bratislava (Studies in Slavic and General Linguistics)‎^[3], volume 22, Editions Rodopi B.V., pages 525, 530
• Vasmer, Max (1964–1973) “плуг”, in Oleg Trubachyov, transl., Этимологический словарь русского языка [Etymological Dictionary of the Russian Language] (in Russian), Moscow: Progress
• Duridanov, I. V., Racheva, M., Todorov, T. A., editors (1996), “плуг”, in Български етимологичен речник [Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary] (in Bulgarian), volumes 5 (падѐж – пỳска), Sofia: Prof. Marin Drinov Pubg. House, →ISBN, page 365
• “plūgas”, in Lietuvių kalbos etimologinio žodyno duomenų bazė [Lithuanian etymological dictionary database], 2007–2012