Appendix:Shanghainese Swadesh list
This is a Swadesh list of words in Shanghainese, compared with that of English.
Presentation edit
- For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list.
American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
List edit
Romanisation scheme used is Wugniu. This scheme has a module prepared and implementation into Wiktionary has been discussed for Shanghainese, though talks have somewhat halted. Vocabulary and pronunciation based on Middle Generation (中派) Shanghainese.
| № | English | Wu 上海閒話／上海闲话 edit (207) | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | I (1sg) | 我 (ngu6) | ŋu¹¹³ |
| 2 | you (2sg) | 儂／侬 (non6) | noŋ¹¹³ |
| 3 | he, she, it (3sg) | 伊 (yi6) | ɦi¹¹³ |
| 4 | we (1pl) | 阿拉 (aq7 laq8/la6), 我伲 (ngu6 gni6) (old-fashioned), 伲 (gni6) (old-fashioned) | aʔ³³ laʔ⁴⁴/la⁴⁴, ŋu¹¹ ȵi⁴⁴, ȵi¹¹³ |
| 5 | you (2pl) | 㑚 (na6) | na¹¹³ |
| 6 | they (3pl) | 伊拉 (yi6 la6/laq8) | ɦi¹¹ la⁴⁴ |
| 7 | this | 搿 (geq8) (younger speakers), 迭 (diq8) (older speakers) | ɡəʔ¹², diɪʔ¹² |
| 8 | that | 哀 (e1), 伊 (i1) | e⁵³, i⁵³ |
| 9 | here | 搿墶／搿垯 (geq8 taq7), 此地 (tshy1 di6) | ɡəʔ¹¹ taʔ²⁴, tsʰɿ⁵⁵ di²² |
| 10 | there | 哀面墶／哀面垯 (e1 mi6 taq7), 伊面墶／伊面垯 (i1 mi6 taq7) | e⁵⁵ mi⁴⁴ taʔ²², i⁵⁵ mi⁴⁴ taʔ²² |
| 11 | who | 啥人 (sa5 gnin6) | sa³³ ȵin⁴⁴ |
| 12 | what | 啥 (sa5), 啥物事 (sa5 meq8 zy6) | sa³³⁴, sa³³ məʔ⁴⁴ zɿ²² |
| 13 | where | 啥地方 (sa5 di6 faon1), 嚡裏／嚡里 (gha6 li6), 嚡裏墶／嚡里垯 (gha6 li6 taq7) | sa³³ di⁴⁴ fɑ̃²², ɦa¹¹ li⁴⁴, ɦa¹¹ li⁴⁴ taʔ¹¹ |
| 14 | when | 啥辰光 (sa5 zen6 kuaon1), 幾時／几时 (ci5 zy6) | sa³³ zən⁴⁴ kuɑ̃²², tɕi³³ zɿ⁴⁴ |
| 15 | how | 哪能 (na6 nen6) | na¹¹ nən⁴⁴ |
| 16 | not | 勿 (veq8) | vəʔ¹² |
| 17 | all | 全部 (zhi6 bu6), 儕／侪 (ze6) | ʑi¹¹ bu⁴⁴, ze¹¹³ |
| 18 | many | 交關／交关 (ciau1 kue1), 多 (tu1) | tɕiɔ⁵⁵ kue²², tu⁵³ |
| 19 | some | 一點／一点 (iq7 ti5) | iɪʔ³³ ti⁴⁴ |
| 20 | few | 少 (sau5) | sɔ³³⁴ |
| 21 | other | 其他 (ji6 tha1), 別個／别个 (biq8 gheq8) | dʑi¹¹ tʰa⁴⁴, biɪʔ¹¹ ɦǝʔ²⁴ |
| 22 | one | 一 (iq7) | iɪʔ⁴⁴ |
| 23 | two | 兩／两 (lian6), 二 (gni6) | liã¹¹³, ȵi¹¹³ |
| 24 | three | 三 (se1) | se⁵³ |
| 25 | four | 四 (sy5) | sɿ³³⁴ |
| 26 | five | 五 (ng6) | ŋ¹¹³ |
| 27 | big | 大 (du6) | du¹¹³ |
| 28 | long | 長／长 (zan6) | zã¹¹³ |
| 29 | wide | 寬／宽 (khuoe1), 闊／阔 (khueq7) | kʰuø⁵³, kʰuəʔ⁵⁵ |
| 30 | thick | 厚 (gheu6) | ɦɤ¹¹³ |
| 31 | heavy | 重 (zon6) | zoŋ¹¹³ |
| 32 | small | 小 (shiau5) | ɕiɔ³³⁴ |
| 33 | short | 短 (toe5) (of person of thing), 矮 (a5) (of person) | tø³³⁴, a³³⁴ |
| 34 | narrow | 狹／狭 (ghaq8) | ɦaʔ¹² |
| 35 | thin | 薄 (boq8) | boʔ¹² |
| 36 | woman | 女人 (gniu6 gnin6) | ȵy¹¹ ȵin⁴⁴ |
| 37 | man (adult male) | 男人 (noe6 gnin6) | nø¹¹ ȵin⁴⁴ |
| 38 | man (human being) | 人 (gnin6) | ȵin¹¹³ |
| 39 | child | 小人 (shiau5 gnin6), 小囡 (shiau5 noe6) | ɕiɔ³³ ȵin⁴⁴, ɕiɔ³³ nø⁴⁴ |
| 40 | wife | 老婆 (lau6 bu6), 家主婆 (ka1 tsy5 bu6), 妻子 (chi1 tsy5) (formal) | lɔ¹¹ bu⁴⁴, ka⁵⁵ tsɿ⁴⁴ bu²², tɕʰi⁵⁵ tsɿ²² |
| 41 | husband | 老公 (lau6 kon1), 丈夫 (zan6 fu1) (formal) | lɔ¹¹ koŋ⁴⁴, zã¹¹ fu⁴⁴ |
| 42 | mother | 媽媽／妈妈 (ma1 ma1), 姆媽／姆妈 (m1 ma1), 娘 (gnian6) (direct/indirect), 母親／母亲 (mu1 chin1) (formal) | ma⁵⁵ ma²², m⁵⁵ ma²², ȵiã¹¹³, mu⁵⁵ tɕʰin²² |
| 43 | father | 爸爸 (pa1 pa1), 爹 (tia1), 爺／爷 (ya6) (indirect), 父親／父亲 (vu6 chin1) (formal) | pa⁵⁵ pa²², tia⁵³, ɦia¹¹³, vu¹¹ tɕʰin⁴⁴ |
| 44 | animal | 動物／动物 (don6 veq8) | doŋ¹¹ vəʔ⁴⁴ |
| 45 | fish | 魚／鱼 (ng6) | ŋ¹¹³ |
| 46 | bird | 鳥／鸟 (gniau5/tiau5 (obsolete)) | ȵiɔ³³⁴/tiɔ³³⁴ |
| 47 | dog | 狗 (keu5) | kɤ³³⁴ |
| 48 | louse | 老白蝨／老白虱 (lau6 baq8 seq7) | lɔ¹¹ baʔ⁴⁴ səʔ¹¹ |
| 49 | snake | 蛇 (zo6) | zo¹¹³ |
| 50 | worm | 蟲／虫 (zon6) | zoŋ¹¹³ |
| 51 | tree | 樹／树 (zy6) | zɿ¹¹³ |
| 52 | forest | 森林 (sen1 lin6) | sən⁵⁵ lin²² |
| 53 | stick | 棒頭／棒头 (baon6 deu6) | bɑ̃¹¹ dɤ⁴⁴ |
| 54 | fruit | 水果 (sy5 ku5) | sɿ³³ ku⁴⁴ |
| 55 | seed | 籽 (tsy5), 種子／种子 (tson5 tsy5) | tsɿ³³⁴, tsoŋ³³ tsɿ⁴⁴ |
| 56 | leaf | 葉子／叶子 (yiq8 tsy5) | ɦiɪʔ¹¹ tsɿ²⁴ |
| 57 | root | 根 (ken1) | kən⁵³ |
| 58 | bark (of a tree) | 樹皮／树皮 (zy6 bi6) | zɿ¹¹ bi⁴⁴ |
| 59 | flower | 花 (ho1) | ho⁵³ |
| 60 | grass | 草 (tshau5) | tsʰɔ³³⁴ |
| 61 | rope | 繩子／绳子 (zen6 tsy5) | zən¹¹ tsɿ⁴⁴ |
| 62 | skin | 皮膚／皮肤 (bi6 fu1) | bi¹¹ fu⁴⁴ |
| 63 | meat | 肉 (gnioq8) | ȵioʔ¹² |
| 64 | blood | 血 (shiuq7/shioq7) | ɕyɪʔ⁵⁵/ɕioʔ⁵⁵ |
| 65 | bone | 骨頭／骨头 (kueq7 deu6) | kuəʔ³³ dɤ⁴⁴ |
| 66 | fat (noun) | 脂肪 (tsy1 faon1) | tsɿ⁵⁵ fɑ̃²² |
| 67 | egg | 蛋 (de6) | de¹¹³ |
| 68 | horn | 角 (koq7) | koʔ⁵⁵ |
| 69 | tail | 尾巴 (gni6/mi6 po5) | ȵi¹¹/mi¹¹ po⁴⁴ |
| 70 | feather | 羽毛 (yu6 mau6) | ɦy¹¹ mɔ⁴⁴ |
| 71 | hair | 頭髮／头发 (deu6 faq7) (on head), 毛 (mau6) (body hair of person/fur of animal) | dɤ¹¹ faʔ⁴⁴, mɔ¹¹³ |
| 72 | head | 頭／头 (deu6) | dɤ¹¹³ |
| 73 | ear | 耳朵 (gni6 tu5) | ȵi¹¹ tu⁴⁴ |
| 74 | eye | 眼睛 (nge6 cin1) | ŋe¹¹ tɕin⁴⁴ |
| 75 | nose | 鼻頭／鼻头 (biq8 deu6) | biɪʔ¹¹ dɤ²⁴ |
| 76 | mouth | 嘴巴 (tsy5 po5) | tsɿ³³ po⁴⁴ |
| 77 | tooth | 牙齒／牙齿 (nga6 tshy5) | ŋa¹¹ tsʰɿ⁴⁴ |
| 78 | tongue (organ) | 舌頭／舌头 (zeq8 deu6) | zəʔ¹¹ dɤ²⁴ |
| 79 | fingernail | 手指掐 (seu5 tsy5 khaq7) | sɤ³³ tsɿ⁴⁴ kʰaʔ²² |
| 80 | foot | 腳／脚 (ciaq7) | tɕiaʔ⁵⁵ |
| 81 | leg | 腳／脚 (ciaq7), 腿 (the5) | tɕiaʔ⁵⁵, tʰe³³⁴ |
| 82 | knee | 腳饅頭／脚馒头 (ciaq7 moe6 deu6) | tɕiaʔ³³ mø⁴⁴ dɤ²² |
| 83 | hand | 手 (seu5) | sɤ³³⁴ |
| 84 | wing | 翅膀 (tshy1 paon5) | tsʰɿ⁵⁵ pɑ̃²² |
| 85 | belly | 肚皮 (du6 bi6) | du¹¹ bi⁴⁴ |
| 86 | guts | 肚腸／肚肠 (du6 zan6) | du¹¹ zã⁴⁴ |
| 87 | neck | 頭頸／头颈 (deu6 cin5) | dɤ¹¹ tɕin⁴⁴ |
| 88 | back | 背 (pe5) | pe³³⁴ |
| 89 | breast | 胸 (shion1) | ɕioŋ⁵³ |
| 90 | heart | 心 (shin1) | ɕin⁵³ |
| 91 | liver | 肝 (koe1) | kø⁵³ |
| 92 | to drink | 喝 (haq7), 吃 (chiq7) | haʔ⁵⁵, tɕʰiɪʔ⁵⁵ |
| 93 | to eat | 吃 (chiq7) | tɕʰiɪʔ⁵⁵ |
| 94 | to bite | 咬 (ngau6) | ŋɔ¹¹³ |
| 95 | to suck | 嗍 (soq7), 吸 (shiq7) | soʔ⁵⁵, ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵ |
| 96 | to spit | 吐 (thu5) | tʰu³³⁴ |
| 97 | to vomit | 嘔／呕 (eu5) | ɤ³³⁴ |
| 98 | to blow | 吹 (tshy1) | tsʰɿ⁵³ |
| 99 | to breathe | 呼吸 (hu1 shiq7) | hu⁵⁵ ɕiɪʔ²² |
| 100 | to laugh | 笑 (shiau5) | ɕiɔ³³⁴ |
| 101 | to see | 看 (khoe5) | kʰø³³⁴ |
| 102 | to hear | 聽／听 (thin1) | tʰin⁵³ |
| 103 | to know | 曉得／晓得 (shiau5 teq7) | ɕiɔ³³ təʔ⁴⁴ |
| 104 | to think | 想 (shian5) | ɕiã³³⁴ |
| 105 | to smell | 聞／闻 (men6) | mən¹¹³ |
| 106 | to fear | 怕 (pho5), 嚇／吓 (haq7) | pʰo³³⁴, haʔ⁵⁵ |
| 107 | to sleep | 睏／困 (khuen5) | kʰuən³³⁴ |
| 108 | to live | 活 (weq8) | wəʔ¹² |
| 109 | to die | 死 (shi5) | ɕi³³⁴ |
| 110 | to kill | 殺／杀 (saq7) | saʔ⁵⁵ |
| 111 | to fight | 打相打 (tan5 shian1 tan5) | tã³³ ɕiã⁴⁴ tã²² |
| 112 | to hunt | 打獵／打猎 (tan5 laq8) | tã⁴⁴ laʔ¹² |
| 113 | to hit | 打 (tan5) (to hit a person), 敲 (khau1) (to hit an object) | tã³³⁴, kʰɔ⁵³ |
| 114 | to cut | 劗／𭄛 (tse1), 切 (chiq7), 剪 (ci5) (with scissors) | tse⁵³, tɕʰiɪʔ⁵⁵, tɕi³³⁴ |
| 115 | to split | 分 (fen1) | fən⁵³ |
| 116 | to stab | 戳 (tshoq7), 鑿／凿 (zoq8) | tsʰoʔ⁵⁵, zoʔ¹² |
| 117 | to scratch | 抓 (tsau1) | tsɔ⁵³ |
| 118 | to dig | 挖 (uaq7) | uaʔ⁵⁵ |
| 119 | to swim | 游泳 (yeu6 ion5) | ɦiɤ¹¹ ioŋ⁴⁴ |
| 120 | to fly | 飛／飞 (fi1) | fi⁵³ |
| 121 | to walk | 走 (tseu5) | tsɤ³³⁴ |
| 122 | to come | 來／来 (le6) | le¹¹³ |
| 123 | to lie (as in a bed) | 睏／困 (khuen5), 躺 (thaon5) | kʰuən³³⁴, tʰɑ̃³³⁴ |
| 124 | to sit | 坐 (zu6) | zu¹¹³ |
| 125 | to stand | 立 (liq8) | liɪʔ¹² |
| 126 | to turn (intransitive) | 轉／转 (tsoe5) | tsø³³⁴ |
| 127 | to fall | 落 (loq8) | loʔ¹² |
| 128 | to give | 撥／拨 (7peq), 畀 (peq7) | pəʔ⁵⁵ |
| 129 | to hold | 拿 (ne1/nau1/no1/no6) | nə⁵³/nɔ⁵³/no⁵³/no¹¹³ |
| 130 | to squeeze | 捘 (tsen5), 擠／挤 (ci3) | tsən³³⁴, tɕi³³⁴ |
| 131 | to rub | 擼／撸 (lu1) | lu⁵³ |
| 132 | to wash | 汏 (da6) | da¹¹³ |
| 133 | to wipe | 揩 (kha1) | kʰa⁵³ |
| 134 | to pull | 拉 (la1) | la⁵³ |
| 135 | to push | 推 (the1) | tʰe⁵³ |
| 136 | to throw | 摜／掼 (gue6) | ɡue¹¹³ |
| 137 | to tie | 縛／缚 (boq8) | boʔ¹² |
| 138 | to sew | 縫／缝 (von6) | voŋ¹¹³ |
| 139 | to count | 數／数 (su5) | su³³⁴ |
| 140 | to say | 講／讲 (kaon5) | kɑ̃³³⁴ |
| 141 | to sing | 唱 (tshaon5) | tsʰɑ̃³³⁴ |
| 142 | to play | 孛相 (8beq-shian), 白相 (beq8 shian5) | bəʔ¹¹ ɕiã²⁴ |
| 143 | to float | 浮 (veu6/vu6) | vɤ¹¹³/vu¹¹³ |
| 144 | to flow | 漂 (phiau1) | pʰiɔ⁵³ |
| 145 | to freeze | 凍／冻 (ton5) | toŋ³³⁴ |
| 146 | to swell | 脹／胀 (tsan5) | tsã³³⁴ |
| 147 | sun | 太陽／太阳 (tha5 yan6) | tʰa³³ ɦiã⁴⁴ |
| 148 | moon | 月亮 (yuiq8 lian6) | ɦyɪʔ¹¹ liã²⁴ |
| 149 | star | 星星 (shin1 shin1), 星 (shin1) | ɕin⁵⁵ ɕin²², ɕin⁵³ |
| 150 | water | 水 (sy5), 茶 (zo6) (drinking water) | sɿ³³⁴, zo¹¹³ |
| 151 | rain | 雨 (yu6) | ɦy¹¹³ |
| 152 | river | 河浜 (wu6 pan1) | ɦu¹¹ pã⁴⁴ |
| 153 | lake | 湖 (wu6) | ɦu¹¹³ |
| 154 | sea | 海 (he5) | he³³⁴ |
| 155 | salt | 鹽／盐 (yi6) | ɦi¹¹³ |
| 156 | stone | 石頭／石头 (zaq8 deu6) | zaʔ¹¹ dɤ²⁴ |
| 157 | sand | 沙子 (so1 tsy5) | so⁵⁵ tsɿ²² |
| 158 | dust | 灰 (hue1), 灰塵／灰尘 (hue1 zen6) | hue⁵³, hue⁵⁵ zən²² |
| 159 | earth | 爛泥／烂泥 (na6 gni6) | na¹¹ ȵi⁴⁴ |
| 160 | cloud | 雲／云 (yun6) | ɦyn¹¹³ |
| 161 | fog | 霧／雾 (wu6) | ɦu¹¹³ |
| 162 | sky | 天 (thi1) | tʰi⁵³ |
| 163 | wind | 風／风 (fon1) | foŋ⁵³ |
| 164 | snow | 雪 (shiq7) | ɕiɪʔ⁵⁵ |
| 165 | ice | 冰 (pin1) | pin⁵³ |
| 166 | smoke | 煙／烟 (i1) | i⁵³ |
| 167 | fire | 火 (hu5) | hu³³⁴ |
| 168 | ash | 灰 (hue1) | hue⁵³ |
| 169 | to burn | 燒／烧 (sau1) | sɔ⁵³ |
| 170 | road | 路 (lu6) | lu¹¹³ |
| 171 | mountain | 山 (se1) | se⁵³ |
| 172 | red | 紅／红 (ghon6), 紅顏色／红颜色 (ghon6 nge6 seq7) | ɦoŋ¹¹³, ɦoŋ¹¹ ŋe⁴⁴ səʔ¹¹ |
| 173 | green | 綠／绿 (loq8), 綠顏色／绿颜色 (loq8 nge6 seq7) | loʔ¹², loʔ¹¹ ŋe¹¹ səʔ²⁴ |
| 174 | yellow | 黃／黄 (waon6), 黃顏色／黄颜色 (waon6 nge6 seq7) | wɑ̃¹¹³, wɑ̃¹¹ ŋe⁴⁴ səʔ¹¹⁴ |
| 175 | white | 白 (baq8), 白顏色／白颜色 (baq8 nge6 seq7) | baʔ¹², baʔ¹¹ ŋe¹¹ səʔ²⁴ |
| 176 | black | 黑 (heq7), 黑顏色／黑颜色 (heq7 nge6 seq7) | həʔ⁵⁵, həʔ³³ ŋe⁴⁴ səʔ²² |
| 177 | night | 夜裏／夜里 (ya6 li6), 夜裏向／夜里向 (ya6 li6 shian5), 夜到 (ya6 tau5), 夜頭／夜头 (ya6 deu6) | ɦia¹¹ li⁴⁴, ɦia¹¹ li⁴⁴ ɕiã¹¹, ɦia¹¹ tɔ⁴⁴, ɦia¹¹ dɤ⁴⁴ |
| 178 | day | 日裏向／日里向 (gniq8 li6 shian5), 日裏／日里 (gniq8 li6) | ȵiɪʔ¹¹ li¹¹ ɕiã²⁴, ȵiɪʔ¹¹ li²⁴ |
| 179 | year | 年 (gni6) | ȵi¹¹³ |
| 180 | warm | 暖熱／暖热 (noe6 gniq8), 溫／温 (uen1) | nø¹¹ ȵiɪʔ⁴⁴, uǝn⁵³ |
| 181 | cold | 冷 (lan6) | lã¹¹³ |
| 182 | full | 滿／满 (moe6) (filled), 飽／饱 (pau5) (having eaten) | mø¹¹³, pɔ³³⁴ |
| 183 | new | 新 (shin1) | ɕin⁵³ |
| 184 | old | 舊／旧 (jieu6) (not new), 老 (lau6) (of high age) | dʑiɤ¹¹³, lɔ¹¹³ |
| 185 | good | 好 (hau5) | hɔ³³⁴ |
| 186 | bad | 壞／坏 (wa6) | ɦua¹¹³ |
| 187 | rotten | 爛／烂 (le6) | le¹¹³ |
| 188 | dirty | 齷齪／龌龊 (oq7 tshoq7) | oʔ³³ tsʰoʔ⁴⁴ |
| 189 | straight | 直 (zeq8) | zəʔ²⁴ |
| 190 | round | 圓／圆 (yoe6) | ɦyø¹¹³ |
| 191 | sharp (as a knife) | 快 (khua5) | kʰua³³⁴ |
| 192 | dull (as a knife) | 鈍／钝 (den6) | dən¹¹³ |
| 193 | smooth | 光 (kuaon1) | kuɑ̃⁵³ |
| 194 | wet | 潮 (zau6), 濕／湿 (saq7/seq7) | zɔ¹¹³, saʔ⁵⁵/səʔ⁵⁵ |
| 195 | dry | 乾／干 (koe1) | kø⁵³ |
| 196 | correct | 對／对 (te5) | te³³⁴ |
| 197 | near | 近 (jin6) | dʑin¹¹³ |
| 198 | far | 遠／远 (yoe6) | ɦyø¹¹³ |
| 199 | right | 右 (yeu6) | ɦiɤ¹¹³ |
| 200 | left | 左 (tsu5) | tsu³³⁴ |
| 201 | at | 辣 (laq8), 辣辣 (laq8 laq8), 辣海 (laq8 he5), 辣該／辣该 (laq8 ke5) | laʔ¹², laʔ¹¹ laʔ²⁴, laʔ¹¹ he²⁴, laʔ¹¹ ke²⁴ |
| 202 | in | 裏向／里向 (li6 shian5), 裏頭／里头 (li6 deu6), 裏／里 (li6) | li¹¹ ɕiã⁴⁴, li¹¹ dɤ⁴⁴, li¹¹³ |
| 203 | with | 得 (teq7), 脱 (theq7), 交 (kau1/kau5), 跟 (ken1), 幫／帮 (paon1), 咾 (lau6) (old-fashioned) | təʔ⁵⁵, tʰəʔ⁵⁵, kɔ⁵³/kɔ³³⁴, kən⁵³, pɑ̃⁵³, lɔ¹¹³ |
| 204 | and | 得 (teq7), 脱 (theq7), 得仔 (teq7 tsy5), 脫仔／脱仔 (theq7 tsy5), 交 (kau1/kau5), 幫／帮 (paon1), 跟 (ken1) | təʔ⁵⁵, tʰəʔ⁵⁵, təʔ³³ tsɿ⁴⁴, tʰəʔ³³ tsɿ⁴⁴, kɔ⁵³/kɔ³³⁴, pɑ̃⁵³, kən⁵³ |
| 205 | if | 假使 (cia6 sy5), 如果 (zy6 ku5) | tɕia³³ sɿ⁴⁴, zɿ¹¹ ku⁴⁴ |
| 206 | because | 因為／因为 (in1 we6) | in⁵⁵ ɦue²² |
| 207 | name | 名字 (min6 zy6) | min¹¹ zɿ⁴⁴ |
External links and Sources edit
- Wugniu: Romanisation and Wu data
- 許寶華 湯珍珠 主編 上海市區方言志
- 錢乃榮 許寶華 湯珍珠 編著 上海話大詞典