Appendix:Sino-Korean tensing
This appendix contains quantitative data on compound tensing in Sino-Korean based on the Standard Korean Language Dictionary, as calculated by Yu 2019, along with Wiktionary's own examples of tensed and non-tensed words. Yu's data includes fully Sino-Korean compounds as well as compounds of both Sino-Korean and native elements.
While tensing (which originates from a genitive marker) is more common for genitive or attributive constructions in which the final hanja is the main component, and for words that are compounds of hanja which are still productive in isolation in Korean, there is no consistent principle by which the phenomenon can be predicted for all words.
Table edit
| Hanja | Number of tensed compounds | Number of listed compounds | Percentage of tensing | Example of tensing | Example without tensing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 價 (ga, “price, value”) | 154 | 166 | 92.78% | 물가 (物價, mulkka, “consumer price”) | 시가 (時價, siga, “duration of a musical note”) |
| 間 (gan, “interval, room, chamber”) | 104 | 342 | 30.41% | 곳간 (庫間, gokkan, “storehouse”) | 시간 (時間, sigan, “time”) |
| 件 (geon, “item”) | 61 | 64 | 95.31% | 사건 (事件, sakkeon, “incident”) | 물건 (物件, mulgeon, “object”) |
| 格 (gyeok, “character”) | 70 | 121 | 57.85% | 성격 (性格, seongkkyeok, “personality”) | 가격 (價格, gagyeok, “price”) |
| 骨 (gol, “bone”) | 47 | 277 | 16.97% | 등골 (—骨, deungkkol, “vertebra”) | 해골 (骸骨, haegol, “skeleton”) |
| 科 (gwa, “branch (of study, etc.)”) | 248 | 319 | 77.74% | 안과 (眼科, ankkwa, “ophthalmology”) | 화과 (畫科, hwagwa, “genre of painting”) |
| 課 (gwa, “course, task”) | 11 | 38 | 28.95% | 분과 (分課, bunkkwa, “divisions for a task”) | 일과 (日課, ilgwa, “daily task”) |
| 果 (gwa, “fruit”) | 44 | 301 | 14.62% | 성과 (成果, seongkkwa, “achievement”) | 결과 (結果, gyeolgwa, “result”) |
| 卦 (gwae, “omen”) | 12 | 78 | 15.38% | 점괘 (占卦, jeomkkwae, “omen”) | 건괘 (乾卦, geomgwae, “type of omen”) |
| 句 (gu, “phrase”) | 56 | 83 | 67.47% | 시구 (詩句, sikku, “verse of poetry”) | 어구 (語句, eogu, “phrase”) |
| 券 (gweon, “voucher, certificate”) | 79 | 93 | 84.95% | 여권 (旅券, yeokkweon, “passport”) | 고권 (故券, gogweon, “old certificate”) |
| 圈 (gweon, “area”) | 116 | 120 | 96.67% | 영미권 (英美圈, yeongmikkweon, “anglosphere”) | 시권 (豕圈, sigweon, “pigsty (archaic)”) |
| 權 (gweon, “authority, right”) | 400 | 415 | 96.39% | 인권 (人權, inkkweon, “human rights”) | 당권 (當權, danggweon, “seizure of power”) |
| 級 (geup, “level”) | 21 | 69 | 30.43% | 거물급 (巨物級, geomulkkeup, “big shot-level”) | 계급 (階級, gyegeup, “social class”) |
| 氣 (gi, “energy”) | 119 | 427 | 27.87% | 인기 (人氣, inkki, “popularity”) | 공기 (空氣, gonggi, “air”) |
| 宅 (daek, “residence”) | 20 | 28 | 71.43% | 과댁 (寡宅, gwattaek, “widow's residence”) | 시댁 (媤宅, sidaek, “husband's family”) |
| 毒 (dok, “poison”) | 26 | 97 | 26.80% | 손독 (—毒, sonttok, “infection from scratching an itch”) | 맹독 (猛毒, maengdok, “strong poison”) |
| 房 (bang, “room”) | 100 | 354 | 28.25% | 셋방 (貰房, seppang, “rented room”) | 궁방 (宮房, gungbang, “palace room”) |
| 法 (beop, “law, method”) | 1302 | 1399 | 93.07% | 문법 (文法, munppeop, “grammar”) | 불법 (佛法, bulbeop, “Buddha's law”) |
| 壁 (byeok, “wall”) | 36 | 254 | 14.17% | 손뼉 (—壁, sonppyeok, “palm of the hand”) | 성벽 (城壁, seongbyeok, “castle walls”) |
| 病 (byeong, “disease”) | 340 | 475 | 71.58% | 상사병 (相思病, sangsappyeong, “lovesickness”) | 발병 (發病, balbyeong, “breakout of disease”) |
| 甁 (byeong, “bottle”) | 37 | 91 | 40.66% | 화염병 (火焰甁, hwayeomppyeong, “Molotov cocktail”) | 화병 (花甁, hwabyeong, “flower vase”) |
| 褓 (bo, “blanket”) | 29 | 41 | 70.73% | 책상보 (冊床褓, chaeksangppo, “blanket over a table”) | 강보 (襁褓, gangbo, “swaddling blanket”) |
| 福 (bok, “luck”) | 13 | 94 | 13.83% | 인복 (人福, inppok, “fortune in having good associates”) | 명복 (冥福, myeongbok, “fortune in the afterlife”) |
| 床 (sang, “table, bed”) | 105 | 200 | 52.5% | 제상 (祭床, jessang, “altar of offerings”) | 온상 (溫床, onsang, “hotbed”) |
| 性 (seong, “quality, -ness”) | 1126 | 1291 | 87.22% | 여성성 (女性性, yeoseongsseong, “womanness, femininity”) | 인성 (人性, inseong, “quality of personality”) |
| 稅 (se, “tax”) | 207 | 284 | 72.89% | 거래세 (去來稅, georaesse, “transaction tax”) | 조세 (租稅, jose, “tax collection”) |
| 數 (su, “number”) | 228 | 472 | 48.31% | 소수 (素數, sossu, “prime number”) | 무리수 (無理數, murisu, “irrational number”) |
| 字 (ja, “letter”) | 155 | 248 | 62.50% | 한자 (漢字, hanjja, “Chinese characters”) | 고자 (古字, goja, “archaic Chinese characters”) |
| 盞 (jan, “cup”) | 18 | 45 | 40.00% | 소주잔 (燒酒盞, sojujjan, “small glass for soju”) | 사기잔 (沙器盞, sagijan, “ceramic cup”) |
| 狀 (jang, “document, warrant”) | 129 | 166 | 77.71% | 영장 (令狀, yeongjjang, “warrant”) | 서장 (書狀, seojang, “letter (dated)”) |
| 帳 (jang, “registry”) | 43 | 105 | 40.95% | 일기장 (日記帳, ilgijjang, “diary book”) | 통장 (通帳, tongjang, “bank account”) |
| 點 (jeom, “point”) | 398 | 467 | 85.22% | 장점 (長點, jangjjeom, “benefit”) | 반점 (斑點, banjeom, “spots on a plant or animal”) |
| 調 (jo, “tune”) | 120 | 235 | 51.06% | 장조 (長調, jangjjo, “major key (music)”) | 성조 (聲調, seongjo, “tone (linguistics)”) |
| 罪 (joe, “crime”) | 136 | 222 | 61.26% | 절도죄 (竊盜罪, jeoldojjoe, “crime of robbery”) | 면죄 (免罪, myeonjoe, “pardon from a crime”) |
| 證 (jeung, “evidence, certificate”) | 81 | 135 | 60.00% | 민증 (民證, minjjeung, “national identity card”) | 영수증 (領收證, yeongsujeung, “receipt”) |
| 症 (jeung, “illness, syndrome”) | 553 | 577 | 95.84% | 우울증 (憂鬱症, uuljjeung, “depression”) | 이증 (痢症, ijeung, “dysentery”) |
References edit
- 유경민 [yugyeongmin] (2019) “어말 일음절 한자의 경음화와 사전 정보 [eomal ireumjeol hanjaui gyeong'eumhwawa sajeon jeongbo]”, in Hangugeo uimihak, volume 64, , pages 85—106