| IPA
|
Example
|
Notes
|
|---|
| /ʔ/
|
oo, pag-ibig, batà
|
the catch in uh-oh
|
Implied in the onset of words beginning with vowels. Marked as a hyphen when it occurs between a consonant and a vowel. Final glottal stops are marked using a circumflex (if syllable has stress) or grave (if stress is on the penultimate).
|
| /b/
|
bagay, Victor
|
best
|
Can represent B (most words) and V (new loanwords and proper nouns).
|
| /d/
|
daw
|
do
|
Often becomes /ɾ/ in native vocabulary in Teresa-Morong Tagalog except where in beginning of syllable in words with /l/. Historically an allophone of /ɾ/
|
| /d͡ʒ/
|
diyan, udyok, jam, Jacob (English-derived given name), Gerald
|
joy
|
Where spelled as ⟨dy⟩ or ⟨diy⟩, can be realized as [dj] in slow or rural pronunciation. As ⟨dy⟩, ⟨g⟩, ⟨j⟩, in respelled English loanwords, can be realized as [dz] or [ʒ]. Represented by ⟨J⟩ in new loanwords from all other languages except those from Spanish.
|
| /ɡ/
|
gatas, Guimaras
|
gold
|
Becomes [ɰ] or [ɣ] (as in g in Spanish amigo) between vowels, e.g. tigas ([tɪˈɰas] or [tɪˈɣas]).
|
| /j/
|
yelo
|
you
|
|
| /k/
|
keso, Caloocan, Quezon
|
scan
|
/k/ between vowels usually become [x] (the sound of ch in Scottish English loch), e.g. yakap [ˈjaxɐp] or at word onset as the consonant cluster [kx], e.g. keso [ˈkxeso].
|
| /l/
|
lata
|
lamb
|
Depending on the dialect, it may be dental/denti-alveolar or alveolar (light L) within or at the end of a word. It may also be velarized (dark L) if influenced by English enunciation.
|
| /m/
|
madre
|
mate
|
|
| /n/
|
asin
|
need
|
In names borrowed from Spanish, it may assimilate to [m] before labial consonants (e.g. /m/ in San Miguel, /p/ in San Pedro, and /f/ in Infanta).
|
| /ɲ/
|
kanya, niyo, Niño
|
canyon
|
Represents both the phonetic realization of native cluster niy and digraph ny (phonemically: /nj/), and the phoneme of ñ (in proper nouns)
|
| /ŋ/
|
ngipin
|
singer
|
/ŋ/ becomes [m] before /m/ and /b/, which is reflected in contemporary spelling. It also tends to become [n] before dental consonants. Also represented by n before /k/, /ɡ/, or rarely, /h/ in some Spanish-derived loanwords or proper nouns, e.g. Cuenca, ingrato, San Jose, kongreso.
|
| /p/
|
piso, Filipino, Ifugaw
|
span
|
Can represent both P (most words) and F (new loanwords and pronouns). F may be pronounced /f/, but tends to assimilate with /p/, which reflects in spelling of most loanwords (except proper nouns).
|
| /ɾ/
|
pader
|
water (North American/Australian)
|
Traditionally allophone of /d/ (see above) in Old Tagalog. /d/ between vowels usually, but not always, become /ɾ/. Now pronounced in free variation as [r ~ ɾ ~ ɹ], especially in loanwords and proper nouns of foreign origin.
|
| /s/
|
sugat
|
skew
|
|
| /ʃ/
|
siya, kasya
|
shine
|
Can be realized as [s] by rural speakers. When spelled ⟨siy⟩ or ⟨sy⟩, can be realized as a pair, [sj], in slow speech.
|
| /t/
|
tamis
|
stand
|
|
| /t͡s/
|
tatsulok, kutsara
|
cats
|
Also allophone of [t͡ʃ] in rural speech, and can an be realized as a consonant pair [ts] as well.
|
| /t͡ʃ/
|
tiyak, tseke, kutsara
|
church
|
Where spelled as ⟨tiy⟩ or ⟨ty⟩, can be pronounced as /tj/ in slow or rural speech.
|
| /w/
|
lawak
|
wait
|
|
