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For further information, including the full final version of the list, read the Wikipedia article: Swadesh list .American linguist Morris Swadesh believed that languages changed at measurable rates and that these could be determined even for languages without written precursors. Using vocabulary lists, he sought to understand not only change over time but also the relationships of extant languages. To be able to compare languages from different cultures, he based his lists on meanings he presumed would be available in as many cultures as possible. He then used the fraction of agreeing cognates between any two related languages to compute their divergence time by some (still debated) algorithms. Starting in 1950 with 165 meanings, his list grew to 215 in 1952, which was so expansive that many languages lacked native vocabulary for some terms. Subsequently, it was reduced to 207, and reduced much further to 100 meanings in 1955. A reformulated list was published posthumously in 1971.
№ English Turkmentürkmen dili edit (205) 1 I (1sg )men 2 you (2sg )sen 3 he , she , it (3sg )ol 4 we (1pl )biz 5 you (2pl )siz 6 they (3pl )olar 7 this bu 8 that şu şol 9 here şu taýda onda bäri 10 there ol ýerde o taýda 11 who kim 12 what näme 13 where nirede 14 when haçan 15 how nähili niçik häýsy which 16 not däl 17 all bary hemme ähli her 18 many köp 19 some birnäçe berentak 20 few az 21 other başga 22 one bir 23 two ikki 24 three üç 25 four dört 26 five bäş kelle 27 big uly older çişik 28 long uzyn 29 wide giňiş giň 30 thick galyň 31 heavy agyr 32 small kiçi kiçijik 33 short gysga 34 narrow dar 35 thin inçe 36 woman heleý aýal Arabic 37 man (adult male)erkek adam Arabic 38 man (human being)ynsan adam Arabic kişi 39 child çaga 40 wife aýal 41 husband är adam 42 mother eje 43 father kaka 44 animal haýwan 45 fish balyk 46 bird guş 47 dog it köpek male güýük 48 louse bit 49 snake ýylan 50 worm gurt gurçuk 51 tree bag agaç 52 forest tokaý 53 stick çöp taýak stick, cane 54 fruit miwe 55 seed tohum 56 leaf ýaprak 57 root kök düýp base 58 bark (of a tree)gabyk 59 flower gül 60 grass ot 61 rope tanap ýüp urgan thick 62 skin deri animal ham human 63 meat et 64 blood gan 65 bone süňk 66 fat (noun)yağ 67 egg ýumurtga 68 horn şah person 69 tail guýruk 70 feather ýelek 71 hair saç tüý gyl 72 head baş 73 ear gulak 74 eye көз 75 nose burun 76 mouth agyz 77 tooth diş 78 tongue (organ)dil 79 fingernail dyrnak 80 foot aýak 81 leg aýak 82 knee dyz 83 hand el 84 wing ganat 85 belly garyn 86 guts içege 87 neck boýun 88 back arka yagyrny 89 breast emjek 90 heart ýürek 91 liver bagyr 92 to drink içmek 93 to eat iýmek 94 to bite dişlemek 95 to suck emmek 96 to spit tüýkürmek 97 to vomit gusmak 98 to blow üflemek öwüsmek 99 to breathe dem almak 100 to laugh gülmek 101 to see görmek 102 to hear eşitmek 103 to know bilmek 104 to think pikir etmek saýmak üýtmek 105 to smell ysgamak sniff 106 to fear gorkmak eýmenmek 107 to sleep uklamak 108 to live ýaşamak 109 to die ölmek 110 to kill öldürmek 111 to fight uruşmak war söweşmek göreşmek wrestle 112 to hunt awlamak 113 to hit patlamak urmak beat 114 to cut kesmek 115 to split ýarylmak 116 to stab pyçaklamak naýzalamak 117 to scratch dyrnaçaklamak 118 to dig gazmak 119 to swim ýüzmek 120 to fly uçmak 121 to walk ýöremek barmak 122 to come gelmek 123 to lie (as in a bed) ýatmak uzanmak 124 to sit oturmak 125 to stand durmak 126 to turn (intransitive) dönmek 127 to fall ýykylmak 128 to give bermek 129 to hold tutmak 130 to squeeze sykmak 131 to rub oýkamak sürtenmek 132 to wash ýuwmak 133 to wipe süpürmek 134 to pull dartmak çekmek 135 to push itmek 136 to throw atmak 137 to tie baglamak 138 to sew tikmek 139 to count sanamak 140 to say diýmek 141 to sing saýramak 142 to play oýnamak 143 to float ýüzmek 144 to flow akmak 145 to freeze şatlamak doňdurmak 146 to swell çişmek 147 sun gün 148 moon aý 149 star ýyldyz 150 water suw 151 rain ýagyş 152 river derýa 153 lake köl 154 sea deňiz 155 salt duz 156 stone daş 157 sand gum çäge 158 dust çaň toz tozan 159 earth toprak 160 cloud bulut 161 fog duman 162 sky gök asman 163 wind ýel 164 snow gar 165 ice buz 166 smoke tüsse 167 fire ot 168 ash kül 169 to burn ötmek otlamak ýanmak 170 road ýol 171 mountain dag 172 red gyzyl 173 green ýaşyl 174 yellow sary 175 white ak 176 black gara 177 night gije 178 day gün 179 year ýyl 180 warm ýyly 181 cold sowuk 182 full doly dok satisfied 183 new täze person 184 old köne things garry people 185 good ýagşy gowy 186 bad (er)bet pis ýaman badly 187 rotten çüýrük 188 dirty kirli hapa 189 straight göni dogry 190 round togalak öwre 191 sharp (as a knife)ýiti ötgür 192 dull (as a knife)kütek 193 smooth tekiz 194 wet çygly öl damp, wet 195 dry qury 196 correct dogry 197 near ýakyn 198 far uzak alyş 199 right sag 200 left çep 201 at 202 in 203 with bilen 204 and we 205 if eger 206 because çünki 207 name at
Swadesh lists
Individual languages
Language families, family branches, and geographic groupings
Constructed languages
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