Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/nowiyos

This Proto-Celtic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Celtic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *néwos, *néwyos.

Adjective

*nowiyos

1. new

Inflection

O/ā-stem
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*nowiyos	*nowiyou	*nowiyoi
vocative	*nowiye	*nowiyou	*nowiyoi
accusative	*nowiyom	*nowiyou	*nowiyons
genitive	*nowiyī	*nowiyous	*nowiyom
dative	*nowiyūi	*nowiyobom	*nowiyobos
instrumental	*nowiyū	*nowiyobim	*nowiyobis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*nowiyā	*nowiyai	*nowiyās
vocative	*nowiyā	*nowiyai	*nowiyās
accusative	*nowiyam	*nowiyai	*nowiyans
genitive	*nowiyās	*nowiyous	*nowiyom
dative	*nowiyai	*nowiyābom	*nowiyābos
instrumental	*?	*nowiyābim	*nowiyābis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*nowiyom	*nowiyou	*nowiyā
vocative	*nowiyom	*nowiyou	*nowiyā
accusative	*nowiyom	*nowiyou	*nowiyā
genitive	*nowiyī	*nowiyous	*nowiyom
dative	*nowiyūi	*nowiyobom	*nowiyobos
instrumental	*nowiyū	*nowiyobim	*nowiyobis

Declension of the comparative
masculine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*nowiyūs	*?	*nowiyoses
vocative	*nowiyūs	*?	*nowiyoses
accusative	*nowiyosam	*?	*nowiyosans
genitive	*nowiyisos	*?	*nowiyisom
dative	*nowiyisei	*?	*nowiyisbos
instrumental	*nowiyisī	*?	*nowiyisbis
feminine	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*nowiyūs	*?	*nowiyoses
vocative	*nowiyūs	*?	*nowiyoses
accusative	*nowiyosam	*?	*nowiyosans
genitive	*nowiyisos	*?	*nowiyisom
dative	*nowiyisei	*?	*nowiyisbos
instrumental	*nowiyisī	*?	*nowiyisbis
neuter	singular	dual	plural
nominative	*nowiyis	*?	*?
vocative	*nowiyis	*?	*?
accusative	*nowiyis	*?	*?
genitive	*nowiyisos	*?	*nowiyisom
dative	*nowiyisei	*?	*nowiyisbos
instrumental	*nowiyisī	*?	*nowiyisbis

Reconstruction notes

• A proto-form *nowiyos is absolutely required to explain the Brittonic forms; *nouyos would lead to e.g. Welsh **nwy instead of attested newydd.

Descendants

• Proto-Brythonic: *nöwɨð
  • Breton: nevez
  • Cornish: nowydh
  • Old Welsh: neguid
    • Middle Welsh: newyð
      • Welsh: newydd
• Old Irish: nuae, nue, naue, nóe
  • Middle Irish: núa
    • Irish: nua
    • Manx: noa
    • Scottish Gaelic: nuadh
• Gaulish: nouiio (in the plate of Lezoux, also in many Roman place names)
• Hispano-Celtic:
  • → Galician: Noia (place name)