Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/-þiz

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *-tis. See also *-iþō.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /θiz/

Noun

*-þiz f

1. Forms abstract nouns from verb roots, usually from strong verbs.

Inflection

i-stemDeclension of *-þiz (i-stem)
	singular	plural
nominative	*-þiz	*-þīz
vocative	*-þi	*-þīz
accusative	*-þį	*-þinz
genitive	*-þīz	*-þijǫ̂
dative	*-þī	*-þimaz
instrumental	*-þī	*-þimiz

Usage notes

There are several variant forms based on the final consonant of the stem and the original position of the accent:

• Ending in a dental: *-siz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
• Ending in an obstruent: *-tiz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
• Accent on the suffix in PIE: *-diz (with Verner's Law applied)
• Ending in an nasal: *-stiz (with the Germanic spirant law applied)
• Otherwise: *-þiz

Derived terms

Proto-Germanic terms suffixed with *-þiz

Synonyms

• *-iþō

Descendants

This suffix was no longer productive in the daughter languages, except in Gothic. The following lists outcomes of derived terms.

• Proto-West Germanic: *-þi
  • Old English: -þ, -d, -t
    • Middle English: -th, -d, -þ, -þe; -t, -te (conflated with -þ < *-þuz)
      • English: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
      • Scots: -th, -t (conflated with -the < *-iþō)
  • Old Saxon: -th
  • Old Dutch: *-t
    • Dutch: -d, -t
  • Old High German: -d
    • German: -d
• Old Norse: -ðr
  • Icelandic: -ður
  • Faroese: -ður
  • Swedish: -d
  • Danish: -d
• Gothic: -𐌸𐍃 (-þs)