Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/arjaną

This Proto-Germanic entry contains reconstructed terms and roots. As such, the term(s) in this entry are not directly attested, but are hypothesized to have existed based on comparative evidence.

Proto-Germanic

Etymology

From Proto-Indo-European *h₂éryeti, from *h₂erh₃-.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /ˈɑr.jɑ.nɑ̃/

Verb

*arjaną

1. to plough/plow

Inflection

The past is reduplicated; otherwise, based on the root’s shape, one would expect a class 6-type form **ōr-. The class 7 past is based on a single attested strong iarun ‘they plowed’ in Old High German; the past is weak or unattested in all other languages.

Conjugation of *arjaną (strong class 7 j-present)

	active voice			passive voice
present tense	indicative	subjunctive	imperative	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*arjō	*arjaų	—	*arjai	?
2nd singular	*arisi	*arjais	*ari	*arjasai	*arjaisau
3rd singular	*ariþi	*arjai	*arjaþau	*arjaþai	*arjaiþau
1st dual	*arjōs	*arjaiw	—	—	—
2nd dual	*arjaþiz	*arjaiþiz	*arjaþiz	—	—
1st plural	*arjamaz	*arjaim	—	*arjanþai	*arjainþau
2nd plural	*ariþ	*arjaiþ	*ariþ	*arjanþai	*arjainþau
3rd plural	*arjanþi	*arjain	*arjanþau	*arjanþai	*arjainþau
past tense	indicative	subjunctive
1st singular	*ear	*earį̄
2nd singular	*eart	*earīz
3rd singular	*ear	*earī
1st dual	*earū	*earīw
2nd dual	*earudiz	*earīdiz
1st plural	*earum	*earīm
2nd plural	*earud	*earīd
3rd plural	*earun	*earīn
	present	past
participles	*arjandz	*aranaz

Related terms

• *arþrą

Descendants

• Proto-West Germanic: *arjan
  • Old English: erian
    • Middle English: eren, eeren, ere, erie, erye, eyr, herie, herye, heryȝen; ærien, erien
      • English: ear (archaic)
      • Scots: ear
  • Old Frisian: era, ara
  • Old Saxon: erian
  • Old Dutch: *erien, *erren
    • Middle Dutch: ēren, ērien, erren
  • Old High German: erien, erren
    • Middle High German: ern
• Old Norse: erja
  • Icelandic: erja
  • Old Swedish: æria
    • Swedish: ärja
  • Old Danish: æriæ
    • Danish: ærje
• Gothic: 𐌰𐍂𐌾𐌰𐌽 (arjan)